mod. 5

• Sustainable Pest Management Strategies


  • Biological Control
  • Cultural Control
  • Mechanical Control
  • Physical Control
  • Chemical Control
  • Genetic
  • Regulatory
• Diagnosis is the first step in IPM
• Correct identification of the damage and the causal organism is a skill that a farmer must acquire
• Managing pest population requires choosing and combining appropriate control tactics
• Integrated Pest Management


  Alternative measure to control pests involving different control strategies to put down pest population to a low level
• Objectives of IPM


  • Increase profit through improvement of yield and quality
  • Sustainability of production
  • Minimum disturbance to the natural balance of agro ecosystem
• Biological Control


  A process or means of controlling/managing pests through the use of natural enemies (NEs) or biological control agents (BCAs)
• Biological/Microbial Control


  Refers to the regulation of pest populations using predators, parasitoids, nematodes and microbial agents
• Groups of living organisms to suppress pest populations


  • Predators
  • Parasitoids
  • Pathogens
• Biological Control


  The use of living organisms to suppress the population of a specific pest organism, making it less abundant or less damaging than it would otherwise be
• Natural Enemies


  • Predators (e.g. Dragonflies are important predators of mosquito)
  • Parasitoids (e.g. Trichogramma, Insect parasitoid are wasp or flies)
  • Pathogens (e.g. Trichoderma, Metarhizium)
• Predators


  Free-living organisms throughout its life and usually larger than prey, actively seek out and capture their prey
• Parasitoids


  Organisms that feeds internally or externally on other insect's body, the victim is called host and it bears the parasitoid larva throughout its development, usually smaller than the host
• Trichogramma species


  • Trichogramma chilonis- for vegetable borers and corn earworm
  • Trichogramma japonicum- for rice stem borer eggs
  • Trichogramma evanescens- for corn borer eggs
• Disease causing organisms


  • Bacteria - Bacillus thuringiensis
  • Fungus - Trichoderma spp., Metarhizium spp., Beauvaria bassiana
  • Virus - NPV (NucleoPolyhedrosisVirus)
• Metarhizium


  Penetrates in-between segments of the appendages to cause infection, contact pathogen that must be applied directly to the subject
• Natural Enemies Management Options


  • Inoculative release
  • Innundative release
  • Intercropping
  • Conservation of NEs
  • Conservation of alternate hosts
• Cultural Control


  Control of insect pests through adoption of ordinary farm practices, modification of management practices so that the environment is less favorable for pest
• Cultural Control - Weed Management


  • Cover cropping
  • Well levelled field
  • Use of good clean seeds/High yielding variety
  • Plowed fallowed field
• Cultural Control - Land Preparation


  • Plow and harrow soil alternatively twice until soil attain favorable tilt for root development, tillage should also aim to reduce the initial sources of disease inoculum and insect pest population
• Cultural Control - Mulching


  • Mulch can reduce the infestation of aphids and other insect pests, use of mulch like rice straw can minimize the population of striped flea beetle
• Cultural Control - Weed Management


  • Maintain Plant Population
  • Irrigation
  • Hilling-up
• Cultural Control - Fertilizer Application


  • Apply organic and inorganic fertilizers, incorporate well-decomposed chicken manure or organic fertilizer, apply the recommended fertilizer rate needed for each crop
• Cultural Control - Insect Pest/Disease Management


  • Relay Cropping/Relay Cropping
  • Crop Rotation
  • Trap Crops
• Cultural Control - Insect Pest/Disease Management


  • Use seeds that resistant
  • Synchronous planting
  • Roguing
  • Timing of Planting/Harvest
• Cultural Control - Sanitation


  • Rogue infected plants as early as possible, destroy and burn infected plants, remove weeds and other unwanted plants
• Physical Control


  Modification of Physical factors in the environment to minimize or prevent pest problems
• Physical Control Methods


  • Sun drying of grains, cold storage
  • Sound energy
  • Heat treatment (hot air, hot water, soil sterilization, soil solarization)
  • Placing plastic-lined trenches in potato fields to trap migrating potato beetles
  • Shaking of the pigeon pea plant to remove Helicoverpa larvae
  • Hand picking of insect pests
• Mechanical Control


  Use of mechanical force or manual labour either for destruction or exclusion of pest
• Mechanical Control Methods


  • Exclusion of pests from plants using fine mesh screens or other types of barriers
  • Spraying plants with a water hose to knock off aphids and mites
  • Hooking with iron hook to remove adult rhinoceros beetle
  • Rat trap
  • Scarecrow
  • Use of sting slot
  • Drumming
  • Sound trap using cans
  • Use of insect collection net
• Mechanical Control


  • Weeding using weeder
  • Crushing of bed bugs and lice
  • Brushing of woolen fabrics for cloth moth
  • Sieving for red flour beetle
• Mechanical Control methods


  • Exclusion of pests from plants using fine mesh screens (Bug Block, Visqueen and others) or other types of barriers
  • Spraying plants with a water hose to knock off aphids and mites
  • Hooking with iron hook to remove adult rhinoceros beetle
  • Rat trap
  • Scarecrow
  • Use of sting slot
  • Drumming
  • Sound trap using cans
  • Use of insect collection net
• Mechanical Exclusion methods


  • Wrapping the fruits
  • Banding
  • Netting
  • Trenching
• Mechanical Exclusion methods


  • Wrapping the fruits - Covering with polyethylene bag against pomegranate fruit borer
  • Banding - Banding with grease or polyethylene sheet on the trunk of mango to prevent insect pests from climbing to the tree top
  • Netting - Use for mosquitoes and vector control in green houses
  • Trenching - For trapping of marching larvae of red hairy caterpillar, locusts, armyworms digging 30-60 cm wide and 50 cm deep trenches
• Mechanical Exclusion methods


  • Tin barrier - Tin bands are fixed over coconut palms to prevent damage by rats
  • Electric fencing - Putting fences around crop fields in the normal ways or charged with low voltage electricity will key away animal pests like rats, birds
• Light trap


  Used to attract nocturnal insects which are strongly phototoxic
• Sticky trap


  Cotton whitefly, aphids and thrips prefer yellow color. Yellow color is painted on tin boxes and sticky material like castor oil or grease is smeared on the surface. Those insects are attracted to yellow color and trapped on the sticky material.
• Bait trap


  Attractants are placed to attract the insects and kill those using insecticide
• Pheromone trap


  Synthetic sex pheromones are placed in traps to attract mostly males
• Pesticide


  Organochlorines, organophosphates and carbamates are examples of insecticides