Lesson 6

• Asexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that does not involve the use of gametes or sex cells
• Sexual reproduction


  Mode of reproduction that involves the use of gametes or sex cells
• Types of asexual reproduction

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Sporulation
• Fission


  Type of asexual reproduction involving the division of body into two or more equal parts
• Budding


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual arises as an outgrowth (bud) from its parent, develops organs like those of the parent, and then detaches itself
• Fragmentation


  Type of asexual reproduction where the body breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of becoming a complete individual
• Sporulation


  Type of asexual reproduction where a new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule or spore, which later on germinates
• Isogamy


  Fusion of similar gametes which are usually motile
• Heterogamy


  Fusion of dissimilar gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile gamete, the egg is fertilized by a small motile gamete, the sperm
• Bisexual reproduction


  Type of sexual reproduction involving the union of gametes from two genetically different parents
• Hermaphrodite


  An individual with both male and female reproductive tissues. In animals "self-fertilization" is not common
• Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

  • Number of parents involved
  • Gametes
  • Genetic composition of offspring
• Growth


  Stage of development characterized by an increase in size of an individual
• Monozygotic twins


  Also known as identical twins; result from the union of a sperm and egg to form a single zygote that splits up during the first cleavage stage
• Dizygotic twins


  Also known as fraternal twins; results from the development of two or more separate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously
• Human Male Reproductive System

  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Scrotal sac/scrotum
  • Vas deferens
  • Urethra
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
• Human Female Reproductive System

  • Clitoris
  • Vagina
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Endometrial lining/endometrium
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
• Tubal ligation


  Type of surgical method for women; entails cutting the fallopian tubes
• Angiosperms


  Also known as flowering plants; group of plants that produce reproductive structures called flowers in their sporophyte stages
• Flower


  Reproductive structure in flowering plants; made up of four major whorls
• Sepals


  The outermost whorls of a flower; collectively called the calyx
• Petals


  Whorl inner to the sepals; may be brightly colored in some; collectively called the Corolla
• Stamen


  Whorl inner to the petals; the male reproductive structure of the flower; bears the male sporangia (also known as microsporangia)
• Anther


  Part of the stamen that contains the microsporangia that develops into pollen grains
• Filament


  Part of the stamen that serves as the stalk of the anther
• Carpels


  Innermost whorl of the flower; the female reproductive structure of the flower; bears the female sporangia (also known as the megasporangia)
• Stigma


  Part of the pistil where the pollen grain derived from the microsporangium attaches during pollination
• Style


  Part of the pistil that serves as the stalk of the stigma; leads to the ovary
• Ovary


  Found at the base of the pistil; contains one or more ovules; eventually becomes the fruit
• Ovule


  Contains the female sporangia or megasporangia; eventually becomes the seed
• Complete flower


  A flower with sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
• Incomplete flower


  A flower that lacks one or more of the floral whorls
• Perfect / Bisexual flower


  A flower that has both stamens and carpels; a bisexual structure
• Imperfect / Unisexual flower


  1. Staminate flower - A flower that has only either the stamens. 2. Carpellate flower - A flower that has only either the carpels. Also known as a unisexual flower
• Monoecious plant


  A plant having perfect flowers or both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual
• Dioecious plant


  A plant having only either the staminate or carpellate flower
• Male gametophyte


  The microsporangium in the anther contains numerous microsporocytes
• Female gametophyte


  The megasporangium in the ovule contains megasporocytes
• The four major whorls

  1. Sepals
  2. Petals
  3. Stamen with Anther and Filament
  4. Carpels with Stigma, Style, Ovary, and Ovule
• Type of surgical method for men; entails cutting the vas deferens.


  Vasectomy