English notes

• Prefixes


  Additions to the beginning of a word that change its meaning
• Wh-questions


  A statement converted into a question
• Tag questions


  Questions we expect the listener to agree with our statement
• When the statement is positive, we use a negative question tag
• Tag questions


  • aren't they?
  • are they not?
• Apostrophe


  Indicates contraction or possession (ownership)
• Apostrophe


  • Brent's
  • it's
• Phrasal verbs


  Verbs that take an adverb or preposition to change their meaning
• Running is also a phrasal verb in the sentence
• Non-finite verbs


  Verbs that do not have a subject or tense
• Gerunds


  Verbs acting as nouns
• Gerunds


  • Surfing
• Contractions


  Shortened words, e.g. could + not = couldn't
• Possession


  Indicating ownership, e.g. Sipho's book
• Verbs


  Action words
• Finite verbs


  Can stand alone, have a subject and tense
• Participles


  Verbs that act as adjectives, e.g. a tired patient, a washed car
• Infinitives


  To + verb
• Phrasal verb


  A verb that is combined with a preposition or other particle to create a new meaning
• Ellipsis indicate that a sentence is incomplete of a sentence is omitted
• This question paper consists of THREE sections: SECTION A: Comprehension (30), SECTION B: Summary (10), SECTION C: Language (40)
• Answer ALL the questions
• Read ALL the instructions carefully
• Start EACH section on a NEW page
• Leave a line after each answer
• Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper
• For multiple-choice questions, write only the letter (A–D) next to the question number in the ANSWER BOOK
• Pay special attention to spelling and sentence construction
• Use the following timeframe as a guideline: SECTION A: 50 minutes, SECTION B: 20 minutes, SECTION C: 50 minutes
• Write neatly and legibly
• Children


  Often congratulated or sometimes criticised for the things they do, which could make them doubt themselves
• Break the cycle of feeling you are not good enough

  Important to learn how to
• Confidence


  Comes from knowing what you are good at and doing it
• Fat talk


  Seeing who has lost or gained weight is a habit we all have, but it does not help you or the other person to boost their self-image
• Self-criticism


  We would never talk to our loved ones the way we talk to ourselves, so work on ignoring the negative critic in your head
• True confidence


  Comes from accepting every part of who you are
• Social media


  The edited highlights of someone's life can reduce your self-esteem significantly, so stay away if you are feeling low
• Sporting activities


  Avoid them because we do not like how we look wearing sports clothes, but find an activity you enjoy which can boost your morale
• Helping others


  Whether it is visiting your local hospital or giving of your time for a charitable cause, by giving someone else a boost, you get a boost in return - everyone wins
• Generalisation is a written or spoken statement in which you say or write that something is true all of the time when it is only true some of the time.


  It's when you take specific facts or details and draw a broader conclusion from them