Coasts 1.4

• Bournemouth: Direction of prevailing wind SW
• Bournemouth: Average wave height 0.5-2 metres
• Bournemouth: Why is the protection of Bournemouth Necessary (3) - 4.7 million visit each year - $425 million contributed to local economy - Finance industries employ 11,000 people
• Bournemouth: How many students and staff are part of the University of Bournemouth, and how much do they contribute per day to local economy 19,000 students, 1500 staff, £1 million a day
• Bournemouth: Unintended impacts of coastal management on bournemouth (3) - Long groyne - traps sediment from entering Christchurch bay - more erosion downshore - Mudford Spit reducing 5-10% each year -beaches on the other side of the long groyne have eroded away, positve feedback
• How much damage would climate changes rising sea levels (60cm in 100 years cause to bournemouth) £18 million
• Felixstowe: Why does felixstowe have coastal defenses and Bawdsey not (3) - Bawdsey and felixstowe have the same geology, bawdsey has 1 metre of annual erosion because felixstowe is more economically valuable - Bawdsey is a major source of sediment for the cell, so management would have consequences on sediment load - Bawdsey is predominantly agricultural land, while felixstowe is high value urban area
• Felixstowe: Reasons why felixstowe is being protected (2) - Home to the UKs busiest container port - Tourism sector
• Felixstowe: Describe the impact of felixstowe being home to the UKs busiest container port in terms of reasons why felixstowe is protected (2) - 48% of britains containerised trade handled, 4 million containers a year - 32,000 employees, with the whole port generating £60 billion of business for the UK each year
• Felixstowe: Describe the impact of tourism in terms of reasons why felixstowe is protected (2) - 800 businesses in felixstowe, employing 12% of the towns workforce - 840,000 annual visitors providing 55 million to local economy
• Felixstowe: Describe the Suffolk SMP (shoreline management plan) (3) - Managed by a range of players including the local council, environment agency and private owners of port of felixstowe - 50KM of the coast has been designated heritage, 6.5KM defended by the council and 16km defended by environment agency - Environment agency agreed to fund the £55 million scheme to update coastal defenses in felixstowe in 2011
• Felixstowe: Describe the £55 million scheme in 2011 to update coastal defenses in Felixstowe in terms of the suffolk SMP (2) - 18 new rock groynes, 350m rock revetment, new fish tailed groynes and construction of 250m more sea wall and 5 rock groynes at languard point - This was necessary because between 2000 and 2010 the shoreline was being reduced by up to 2 metres putting 1500 properties at risk
• Felixstowe: What is the influence of intentional human activity on Felixstowe coastline (4) - Economic confidence - Altering of energy and geomorphic processes - Modification of landforms - Unintentional sub consequences
• Felixstowe: Describe economic confidence in terms of the influence of intentional human activity on the Felixstowe coastline (3) - £1 million revamp of the Spa pavillion theatre - £20 million redevelopment of martello park to include 127 new homes - £3 million investment into felixstowe pier restoration
• Felixstowe: Describe the altering of flows of energy and geomorphic processes in terms of the influence of intentional human activity on the Felixstowe coastline (2) - Construction of new fish tailed groynes - reduces the amount of sediment travelling via longshore drift, before these new groyens up to 20,000m3 of sediment was transported per year - This will reduce the erosion of beaches, but may starve areas downstream like languard spit of a sediment source
• Felixstowe: Describe the modification of landforms in terms of the influence of intentional human activity on the Felixstowe coastline (2) - Modifying languard spit by adding 5 new rock groynes and 250m more sea wall in an attempt to extend the northern edge of the nature reserve - Modifying beaches with 80,000m3 of beach nourishment across the coastline as part of the 2011 scheme
• Describe the location of the Mangawhai-pakiri coastline (2) - North East Coast of New zealands northern island - pakiri beach is 80km north of aukland and is a significant tourist attraction
• What is the importance of pakiri sand to economic development in new zealand (3) - Construction - firms mine sand because of its quality and value, and its demand in construction projects in aukland, a major city home to a growing 1.5 million population - Coastal management - the mined sand is also used to replenish beaches at mission bay and st heliers - Tourism - The Pakiri coastline attracted 2.3 million international tourists in 2015 alone
• Describe the origin of the Pakiri sand as to why its so valuable (2) - At the end of the last ice age the sea level was 90m below todays levels, edging the continental shelf made up of beaches and dunes - As the glacial period ended, sea level rose during the flandrian transgression, the beaches and dunes retreated inland by wave action and prevailing wind, with nearly all of the 9000 year old sediment being swept inland
• What is the impact of sand mining on coastal landforms (3) - Sand extraction is unsustainable - Positive feddback loop is created - Coastal retreat is already evident and is attributed to sand extraction
• Describe sand extraction being unsustainable in terms of the impact of sand mining on coastal landform (2) - Beaches are starved of sediment and have a profile that is less efective at absorbing wave energy, outputs of sand not replaced by inputs at a rate of 5 to 1 - Between 1994 and 2004 over 165,000m3 a yyear was extracted in mangawhai, mining continues in pakiri after mining stopped in mangawhai in 2005
• Describe the positive feedback loop created in terms of the impact of sand mining on coastal landform - Mining starves dunes and beaches from sediment leading to erosion of these beaches with sediment moving offshore to continuing to be mined
• Describe how coastal retreat is already evident in terms of the impact of sand mining on coastal landform - Long term retreat by the end of the century is estimated to be 35 metres up to 111 meres in some particularily affected areas, putting towns like mangawhai at risk of erosion long term and flooding short term