Vana 102 Chapter 7.1- The Comparative Vascular System (P.2)

• Venipuncture


  Most commonly and easily performed in the cephalic vein in the dog. The cephalic and median cubital veins are held off by finger pressure across the flexor surface of the elbow. A needle is then threaded into the cephalic or accessory cephalic vein distally on the cranial aspect of the limb.
• Median Sacral Artery


  • Reduced or absent in the horse. The caudal artery is present as a branch of the caudal gluteal artery.
• Cranial Mesenteric Artery


  • A common site for an aneurysm (bulging of the blood vessels) in the horse, caused by the parasitic worm Strongylus vulgaris. Parasitic blockage of this artery or its branches may cause colic.
• Ruminal Arteries

  travel in the right and left longitudinal grooves of the rumen. Both can arise from the splenic artery
• Splenectomy in the Carnivores


  The vessels to the spleen must be ligated close to the spleen along the hilus so the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries are not compromised
• Gastrotomy


  When opening the stomach of a dog, cut between the two curvatures to avoid the major blood vessels
• Rumenotomy


  Open the dorsal sac above the longitudinal groove, there by avoiding its arteries
• Memory aid


  • Considered the ascending colon to be the right colon and divided into two parts. Considered the transverse colon ‘’the middle colon’’ and the descending colon ‘’the left colon’’.
• Horse


  • The first part of the AC is the ventral colons from the cecum to the pelvic flexure(colic branch). The second part of the left and right dorsal colons from the pelvic flexure to the transverse colon(right colic artery).
• Ox


  • The first part of the AC is from the cecum to the central flexure(proximal loop and centripetal coils)(colic branch). The second part is from the flexure central to the transverse colon
• Intestinal Resection and Anastomoses


  Removal of piece of jejunum and the reconnection between the cut ends. Cut the antimesenteric side shorter than the mesenteric side to keep the vasculature from being compromised.
• Uterine Artery


  Branches off various arteries:

  o Vaginal artery in the carnivores

  o External iliac artery in the horse

  o Umbilical artery in the ruminants. The horse and the ruminants also have the uterine branch of the vaginal artery.
• Internal Iliac Artery


  • Carnivores and horses have short ________________; ruminants and pigs have long ones.
• Internal Pudendal Arteries


  • Carnivores and horses have long ___________________; ruminants and pigs have short ones.
• Prostatic or Vaginal Artery


  • Arises from internal pudendal artery in the carnivores and horses. In the ruminants and pigs it arises from internal iliac artery
• Obturator Artery


  • Usually arising from the cranial gluteal artery in the cat and horse, it travels through the obturator foramen. In the horse it gives off the middle artery of the penis(clitoris). It is absent in the dog and usually absent in ox
• Uterine Arteries 


  Uterine Arteries ligated before the body of the uterus is ligated and removed in the carnivores (spay)
• Saddle thrombi


  • A blood clot at the termination of the aorta seen in cats. This can block the external iliac arteries and result in lameness, paresis, or paralysis of the hind limbs
• Uterine Artery


  Comes off the external iliac artery in the horse
• Obturator Artery


  Arises from the cranial gluteal artery and gives off the middle artery to the penis(clitoris) in the horse
• Cranial Artery of the Penis


  A branch of the external pudendal artery in the horse
• Middle Artery of the Penis


  Arise from the obturator artery in the horse
• Dorsal Artery of the Penis


  • In the horse has little or no contribution from the continuation of the internal pudendal. But in the midthigh region, it is formed by anastomoses from the cranial and middle arteries of the penis, branches of the external pudendal, and obturator arteries, respectively
• Deep Artery of the Clitoris and Dorsal Artery of the Clitoris


  Arise from the middle artery of the clitoris, a continuation of the obturator artery
• Uterine Artery


  A branch of the umbilical artery in the ruminants
• Long Internal Iliac and Short Internal Pudendal

  • Note how far caudally the internal iliac branches into the caudal gluteal and internal pudendal in the ruminant. Because of this the prostatic or vaginal artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery
• Cranial Mammary Artery


  Another name for the superficial caudal epigastric in the ruminants and mare
• Caudal mammary artery


  The ventral labial arteries in the cow and mare
• Milk Vein


  Common names for the satellite vein (superficial caudal and cranial epigastric) of the superficial epigastric arteries in the ruminant
• Collateral Circulation


  The many different blood vessels supplying the pelvic limb allow ligation (tying off) of the femoral artery without permanent ill effects in the healthy dogs
• Pulse


  • Can be palpated in the femoral artery in the femoral triangle along the medial thigh of the dog and cat. This is also a convenient site for catherization for angiocardiography due to its superficial position
• Great Metatarsal Artery


  • The continuation of the dorsal pedal artery, and the main supply distal to the tarsus. It runs distally on the dorsolateral side of the metacarpus in a groove between the cannon and the lateral splint (MT II and IV)
• Medial and Lateral Digital Arteries


  Continuations of the great metatarsal artery (distal perforating branch) on the sides of the digits similar to the forelimb
• Caudal Branch of the Saphenous Artery


  • Receives an S shaped anastomosis from the caudal tibial artery and then branches into lateral and medial plantar arteries at the tarsus. A deep branch of the lateral plantar artery joins with the perforating tarsal artery to form the deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries arise from the deep plantar arch
• Dorsal Metatarsal Artery III

  • The continuation of the dorsal pedal artery, courses in the dorsal longitudinal groove. It gives off a perforating tarsal and continues as the dorsal common digital artery III which gives off proper digital arteries and then passes between thedigits to anastomose with plantar common digital artery III
• Saphenous Artery


  • Doesn't have cranial and caudal branches, divides at the tarsus into lateral and medial plantar arteries. Branches from the plantar arteries anastomose with the perforating tarsal artery to form the plantar metatarsal arteries
• Medial Plantar Artery


  • Divides into plantar common digital arteries II and III. The plantar common digital artery II continues on as the abaxial proper digital artery III. The common digital artery III anastomoses with dorsal common digital artery III and then bifurcates into axial proper digital arteries III and IV
• Lateral Saphenous Vein


  • Can be used for venipuncture in the dog when the cephalic vein is unavailable. Injecting where it crosses the lateral side of the leg is difficult because of its mobility. Injecting it more proximally, where it dives into the hamstring muscles, is easier
• Cranial Branch of the Median Saphenous Vein


  • In the horse crosses the dorsomedial aspect of the tarsus. This crosses the "cunean" tendon (medial insertion of the cranial tibial muscle) and the injection site of the dorsomedial pouch of the talocrural joint
• Intravenous Local Anesthetic of the Bovine Pes


  Apply a tourniquet below the tarsus to distend the five superficial veins in the area. Inject any one to anesthetize the distal limb