Staining techniques used in histopathology laboratories to render different tissue constituents more visible through variation in colors, enabling differentiation and identification of cell and tissue components
Hematoxylin & Eosin Staining Technique
1. Specimen preparation
2. Fixation
3. Decalcification
4. Dehydration
5. Clearing
6. Infiltration
7. Embedding
8. Blocking/Casting
9. Trimming
10. Section cutting
11. Staining
Staining
Renders different tissue constituents more visible through variation in colors
Enables differentiation and identification of cell and tissue components
Progressive Staining
Tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time until the desired intensity of coloring is attained, and the dye is not washed or decolorized
Regressive Staining
Tissue is first overstained to obliteratecellulardetails, then excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue until the desired intensity of color is obtained
Differentiation (Decolorization)
Selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from surrounding tissues
Hematoxylin
A natural dye derived from the heartwood of a Mexican tree, the active coloring agent is known as hematin which is formed by the oxidation of hematoxylin
Mordants
Substances that combine with the tissue and the staining solution, forming a bridge that allows the staining reaction to take place
Recommended for both progressive and regressive staining of tissues, using aluminum salts as mordants to increase selectivity for nuclei
Bluing of Alum Hematoxylin Stained Sections
The process of neutralizing the acid and freeing the hydroxide group to form an insoluble blue aluminum hematin-tissue lake, using alkaline solutions like tap water, lithium carbonate, or Scott's Tap Water Substitute
Ehrlich's Hematoxylin
An aluminum hematoxylin solution used for regressive staining, with rapid ripening achieved by the addition of sodium iodate
The most critical step of gram staining is the decolorization step, as the crystal violet stain will be removed from both Gram positive and Gram negative cells if the decolorizing agent (e.g. alcohol) is left on too long
Natural ripening
1. Place in lightly plugged flask
2. Shake daily
Transfer to well-stoppered bottle
Store in warm place
Natural ripening of aluminum hematoxylin
Takes about two months but staining property lasts for months to years
Hasten ripening of hematoxylin
1. Partially oxidize with sodium iodide
2. Add 0.3 grams sodium
Hematoxylin solution oxidizes
Color changes from purplish to deep red
Pungent odor of acetic acid replaced by acetic aroma
Glycerin
Acts as a stabilizer, retards evaporation and slows down ripening
Hematoxylin
Generally used for regressive staining and differentiated with 1% Hydrochloric acid in 70% alcohol until the nucleus is selectively stained
Hematoxylin
Stains mucopolysaccharides substances such as cartilage and cement lines of bones intensely blue
Suitable for tissues that have been subjected to acid decalcification and is especially useful for tissues that have become acidic during prolonged storage in formalin
Not ideal for frozen sections
Staining time for Harris Hematoxylin
15-40minutes
Harris Hematoxylin
Used for regressive staining
Harris Hematoxylin formula
Hematoxylin
Absolute ethyl alcohol
Ammonium/potassium alum
Distilled water
Mercuric oxide (oxidizing agent)
Glacial acetic acid
Making Harris Hematoxylin
1. Dissolve hematoxylin in absolute alcohol with gentle heating
2. Dissolve ammonium or potassium alum in distilled water, boil
3. Add hematoxylin solution, boil
4. Add mercuric oxide
5. Plunge into cold water for rapid cooling
A large beaker should be used because the violent liberation of oxygen will cause the solution to explode from a narrow mounted flask
The solution should assume a dark purple color when ripened by mercuric oxide
The addition of 4% glacial acetic acid will give a more precise nuclear staining
Finish making Harris Hematoxylin
Filter and transfer into well-stopperedbottle
Harris Hematoxylin
Good regressive stain that may either be used immediately or stored for future use since it remains stable for a long time about 6 months
Since most of the alcohol is evaporated in the process of boiling, 10mL of ethyl alcohol may be added to the final solution to help prevent the growth of molds
Widely used for routine nuclear staining
Also used in exfoliative cytology and for staining of sex chromosomes
Usual staining time is 5-20 minutes
Best results are obtained when the solution is made every 2 to 3 months
Deformation of precipitate in the stored staining solution indicates deterioration in nuclear staining property
Cole's Hematoxylin
Another alum hematoxylin solution recommended for routine purposes especially used in sequence with celestine blue
It is artificially ripened with an alcoholic iodine solution
Ready for immediate use but may need filtering after storage as with Harris hematoxylin
Making Cole's Hematoxylin
1. Dissolve hematoxylin in warm distilled water and mix with iodine
2. Add alum solution and boil
3. Cool and filter before use
Staining time using Cole's hematoxylin
Around 10 minutes
Mayer's Hematoxylin
Widely used hematoxylin stain
Both regressive and progressive stain
An alum hematoxylin that is chemically ripened with sodium iodate
Used as a nuclear counterstain to demonstrate the presence of cytoplasmic glycogen by special stain
Also used in instances when acid alcohol differentiation might destroy or decolorize the stained cytoplasmic components like mucopolysaccharides
Stain applied for a short period 5 to 10 mins until nuclei are stained and then blued without any differentiation
Used in celestine blue hemalum method of nuclear staining