POLITICAL

• Gladstone- Liberal. PM 1868-1874, 1880-1885, Feb-July 1886 and 1892-94
• Gladstone- peace reform and retrenchment
• Corn laws split the conservative party. Gladstone a peelite, Disraeli a protectionist
• 1832 reform act enfranchised a new industrial class as the income reqs changed. 2 million people could now vote vs 40,000 before. Introduced by Whigs under Grey
• 1832 Reform Act- abolished rotten boroughs (small towns with no population but still had MPs). Created more constituencies
• 1832 Reform Act- increased representation from boroughs (towns) and counties (rural areas)
• 1832 reform act is also called the Great or First reform act
• Lord Russel- whig, lots of crime and punishment reform
• Earl of Derby- had Disraeli as his exchequer in 1867 when 2nd reform act passed. Conservative but former whig
• Earl of aberdeen- Peelite who resigned over the Crimean war
• Viscount Palmerston- Tory with a focus on foreign policy
• Liberals derived from the Whigs w Palmerston in 1859. Russel took over from Palmerston in 1865
• Conservatives were split between protectionists (Derby) and free traders (Disraeli)
• Peelites were split between those that supported the repeal of the corn laws (Palmerston) and those against it (Gladstone)
• The Liberal party was made up of radicals, liberals and peelites
• The liberals believed in free trade, voting reform and a constitutional monarchy
• Conservatives were led by Derby and Disraeli after the Corn laws split and believed in trade protectionism for a long time
• Disraeli disliked Peel bc Peel did not give him a position in government- this is why he was anti-peel and pro protectionism, not bc he actually felt strongly about it
• Disraeli struggled to be taken seriously as a politician due to his flamboyant fashion controversial lifestyle and jewish heritage (though he converted to anglicism age 11)
• Disraeli initially started as a radical, but later became a conservative for Maidstone
• Disraeli was exchequer under derby in 1868 and Pm in 1868 and 1874-1879
• Disraeli- one nation conservatism
• Gladstonian liberalism - a liberalism that was more concerned with the welfare of the poor. Wanted to abolish income tax
• Retrenchment- reducing government spending to decrease tax
• Gladstone was liberal leader from 1866
• Disraeli was conservative leader after Derby in 1868
• There was a short conservative govt in 1868 and it passed the second reform act. Derby retired, Disraeli took over and conservatives lost the General election shortly after in december
• The second reform act 1868/1867 was drawn up by Russel and Gladstone but rejected by the lords and forced through by Disraeli in 1868 under Derby. 1/3 of men (2.5mil) who were 21+ and homeowners for >1 year could vote
• the corn laws were repealed in 1846, meaning there would be free trade with grain imports
• collective bargaining=negotations btwn employers and employees
• Limited liability meant when investing in stocks loss could be no higher than you initially put in
• NEW MODEL UNIONISM- 1832 skilled workers negotiating with employers
• NEW UNIONS= 80s, women and unskilled workers could join
• TUC= trade union congress set up in 1868