HE 1.4

• What are the case studies we use to demonstrate levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions - Japan - Mount Ontake - 27th September 2014 - Indonesia - Mount Merapi - from the 26th October 2010
• Japan: Why do people choose to live in Japan despite it being tectonically active in terms of volcanic eruptions (3) - Agriculture sector uses 13% of its land area, and only needs to because of the high fertility it obtains due to volcanic soils - Extraction of sulphur in Japan can be used for batteries - Mount Ontake is popular with trekkers and spiritual pilgrimagers
• Indonesia: Why do people choose to live in Indonesia as a tectonically active location in terms of volcanic eruptions (2) - Agricultural benefits including high fertility of volcanic soil - 3% of total energy comes from geothermal energy sources
• Describe the similarities in tectonic settings between Japan and Indonesia with regards to volcanic eruptions - Both Japan and Indonesia are located in subduction zones with high numbers of volcanoes associated with explosive eruptions
• Describe the differences between Japan and Indonesias tectonic settings with regards to volcanic eruptions (2) - Indonesia has 58 active volcanoes since 1950, Japan has 44 - Historically indonesia has suffered more eruptions causing fatalities than any other country in the world - 114
• Japan Mount Ontake: Provide some statistics regarding Japan in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (4) - 350 people per sq Km - 40,000 GDP per capita - 3% employed in primary sector - 99% literacy rate
• Japan Mount Ontake:Describe the Mount Ontake eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (2) - Phreatic eruption, meaning eruption couldnt be predicted so warning levels were not raised - 3 on the VEI with pyroclastic glows recorded 14km from the summit
• Japan Mount Ontake: Describe social impacts of mount Ontake's eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (2) - 63 Deaths, most being climbers on the slopes, main cause of death being tephra - No warning levels raised
• Japan Mount Ontake: Describe Economic impacts of mount ontake (5) - Fear of eruptions damaged tourist industry, with 7% of region employed in tourism this is detremental - Ski resorts and hotels could not operate, Ontake resort closed for 5 months following eruption - Hiking was prevented for a prolonged period after the eruption, which normally brings 1500 people a day to the volcano - Cost of the eruption estimated at 124 million USD with 5km long lahars generated by the phreatic eruption damaging infrastructure - Flights at tokyo international airport were delayed as they were rerouted, but...
• Japan Mount Ontake: Describe environmental impacts of mount ontake eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions - 30 nearby cabbage farms exoerienced damage affecting crop yields, didnt have a national scale impact, but a great supply impact locally
• Japan Mount Ontake: Describe political impacts of mount ontake eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (2) - Local government sued by bereaving families for 1.2 million USD for not raising warning level - Resulted in government implementing new bill that obliges local governments to compile evacutation plans if a volcano erupts
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Provide some stats regarding indonesia in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (4) - 140 people per sq km population density, 1000 in Java - 4000 GDP per capita - 30% employed in primary sector - 96% literacy rates
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Describe the Mount Merapi eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (3) - 3 eruptions occured with the last one being a 4 on the VEI - Pyroclastic flows stretched 15km southwards with lahars forming as the eruptions occured in rainy season having devastating consequences - Lava bombs occured 4km from the summit
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Describe social impacts of mount merapi eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (4) - 367 fatalities with most dying in pyoclastic flows - 200,000 made homeless with 320,000 displaced by the eruption - Danger area extended to 20km from the mountain resulting in 280,000 having to flee resulting in overcrowded evacuation centres with poor sanitation and serious disease risk - All schools within 120km of the volcanoes were closed
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Describe economic impacts of mount merapi eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions (4) - Many farmers lost livestok and livelihoods as a result of the eruption, national increase in the price of vegetables - Ash falls and pyroclastic flows produced 130 million cubic metres of materia destroying infrastructure like buildings and power lines - International and domestic flights across the whole of java were disrupted, with main airport being closed for 2 weeks - Total cost estimated at 500 million USD
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Describe the environmental impact of mount merapi eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions - Water supplies locally contaminated with acidic volcanic ash, influencing the local hydrological cycle
• Indonesia Mount Merapi: Describe political impacts of mount merapi eruption in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and volcanic eruptions - Government introduced 10 million USD programme to buy cows on the mountain to encourage farmers to leave slopes and prevent them from returning this successfully relocated 2500 families
• Describe the tectonic settings in Japan in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (2) - Located on convergent plate boundaries involving 4 different plates - Pacific coastal zone is vulnerable due to it being especially densley populated
• Describe Nepal tectonic settings in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (2) - Kathmandu is built upon unconsolidated sediment, caused by former prehistoric lakes filling valleys leaving behind metres of unconsolidated sediment, this has high water content due to monsoons increasing risk of liquefaction - Located on a convergent plate boundary collision zone between indo-australian and eurasian plate
• Describe the Great East Japan Earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (4) - 9.0MW quake lasting 6 minutes, 4th largest quake since 1900, it even impacted coast of california causing 10 million USD damage - Epicentre was 70KM east of Honshu coastline with 30KM focus depth - Was a megathrust earthquake raising seabed by 7 metres and 400km of japan coastline dropping by 0.5 metres - Tsunami traveled 10km inland in lowlying areas like Sendai
• Describe social impact of Great east japan earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (3) - 16,000 deaths, 90% of which from drowning, crematoriums were destroyed so traditional funerals were lost and mass graves created to avoid disease spread - 6000 schools damaged, 100,000 children affected, 2,000 became orphans - 4.4 million households lost electricity caused by shutdown of 11 nuclear reactors
• Describe economic impacy of Great Eastern Japan earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (4) - Total cost estimated at 180 billion pounds, 140,000 buildings damaged - 15 ports were impacted, affecting national trade and exports, sendai port was completely destroyed - 23 train stations were swept away and transport infrastructure badly affected - MNC's like Sony were hit by the national shortage of electricity causing japanese stock market to fall
• Describe environmental impact of great eastern japan earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (2) - Fukushima nuclear powerplant meltdown released radioactivity resulting in 30km exclusion zone with radioactive waste continuing to seep into pacific ocean affecting fishing industry - Farmland flooded by sea water hence is uncultivatable
• Describe political impact of Great Eastern Japan earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes - Political fallout from fukushima spread around the world, including anti-nuclear movement in Germany using the incident to argue against use of nuclear energy
• Provide statistics regarding nepal in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (4) - 210 people per sq km - 1300 GDP per capita (LIDC) - 69% employed in primary sector - 71% literacy rate
• Describe the nepal 2015 earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (3) - 7.8MW with a 15km depth focus (shallower than japan) - 50 aftershocks, 5 of which above 6.0mw - Landslides and avalanches generated impacting everest and the consequent tourism
• Describe social impact of the nepal 2015 earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (5) - 8800 fatalities with 1 million requiring food assistance, 20 people killed on Everest - 2.8 million displaced in Kathmandu valley, 470,000 houses destroyed - Tibeto Burman hit hard as they live on slopes of himalayas, areas difficult to access due to landslides, hence aid was sparse in these areas - Increase in the trafficking of women and girls from poor families to south asian brothels - Dharahara tower one of the oldest buddhist monuments destroyed
• Describe economic impacts of the nepal 2015 earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (3) - Cost 10 billion USD, incomparison their GDP is only 25 billion compared to Japans 1 trillion - Nepals government and businesses lacked financial reserves to cope with the damage, hence their was nationwide borrowing and debt to deal with the impacts - Asian development bank provided 200 million USD aid for reconstruction
• Describe environmental impacts of the nepal 2015 earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes - Timing of the earthquake disrupted planting season ahead of the monsoon season, hence long term food security was impacted
• Describe political impacts of the nepal 2015 earthquake in terms of contrasting levels of economic development and earthquakes (2) - Nepal was politically unstable before the earthquake, with the slow response to the quake from the government leading to protests further blocking aid accessing areas most in need - Led to increasing number of military coups as political stability was reduced
• Japan or nepal affected more? Social scale Arguably Nepal
• Japan or nepal affected more? Economic scale Definatley japan
• Japan or nepal affected more? Environmental scale Japan more
• Japan or nepal affected more? Political scale - Nepal had regime threatening coups as a result of political stability caused by quake