AO1 - Types of Observations

• Controlled observations - The conditions are manipulated by the researcher (1). This type of observation may be carried out in a lab type situation (artificial environment - AO2), e.g. Ainsworth. (1)
• Naturalistic observations - Watching natural behaviour in a natural environment for the participant where the target behaviour would normally occur. (1) There is no manipulation of variables or environment e.g. AO2 - aggression in a playground. (1)

  • For example, Schaffer and Emerson
• Overt observations - Participants are aware that their behaviour (AO2) is being observed, so they will be aware of the purpose of the research. (1) The observer is clearly visible to the participant. (1) E.g. Schaffer and Emerson
• Covert observations - They are conducted without knowledge or awareness of the participants. (1) This can be done through an observer being hidden, the use of secret cameras or from behind a two way mirror, e.g. Ainsworth. (1)
• Participant observations - The researcher is involved within the group (AO2). (1) Data is collected whilst being part of a group or situation e.g. (AO2) joining a cult or football hooligans. (1)

  • For example, Zimbardo
• Non-participant observations - The researcher is not involved with the group (AO2). (1) Data is collected from a distance e.g. video camera (1).

  • For example, Ainsworth