Unit 3 - How was the world turned upside down 1625 - 1659

• English civil war from 1642 - 1648
• The civil war divided England in half which meant sometimes people were fighting their neighbours or even their own family
• Historians think that 1 in five men from England and Wales joined the civil war armies
• Abut 85,000 people died, mainly men but a few women who fought or travelled along with the armies
• There were no medical treatments to help the wounded or relieve there pain
• They fought at close range with weapons that caused horrific injuries. these weapons were muskets, pikes, pistols, swords and cannons
• Civilians couldn't escape the traumas of the war
• Up to around 130,000 ordinary people died from indirect causes of the war. It was mainly because of diseases from the soldiers
• In 1644 when a group of parliamentarian soldiers surrounded a Hopton castle in Shropshire, the Royalists slaughtered them and buried them in a mass grave
• After the Battle of Naseby, Parliamentarian soldiers turned on the women who were with Royalists and murdered over a hundred women and disfigured many others
• In Devon a Royalist commander captured and imprisoned Parliamentarian soldiers and people who didn't and refused to pay there taxes and starved them to death
• King Charles the first reigned from 1625-1649
• The Civil war went on for 4 years
• The Civil war ended in the Interregnum which was a period of time with no king. This was the first and last time Britain had a republic. First time British people had a say in what happened to Britain
• The Civil war ended in the Parliamentarians winning and Cromwell and other Puritans led the republic
• During the war Parliament had more power than the king
• Parliaments invented their own court so they could accuse Charles 1 of treason. This was so they could kill him legally
• Many people thought Cromwell hated fun as he banned theatres, Easter, Christmas and getting drunk. But he liked doing those things. He wanted to ban these things because he knew as a leader that these things start fights and he was worried about more treason being committed
• A republic is a country not ruled by a monarch
• Interregnum is Latin for between kings
• Charles 1 was tried and executed for treason in 1649.
• Many Parliamentarians were puritans
• Puritans were strict Protestant Christians
• As there was no king in 1649 Oliver Cromwell was appointed to be Lord Protector. He had been an MP, Parliamentarian general in the Civil war and a regicide
• A regicide is someone who signed King Charles 1 death warrant
• Civil war 1642-1646
• At a local level the fights started in April but the first big battle was October 1642
• Parliament joined forces with the Scots in September 1643
• The Royalists were defeated at the Battle of Marston Moor July 1644
• Parliament reorganised into New Model Army which won the Battle of Naseby in 1645
• The war didn't end in 1644 because there was a stalement on August 1644 - 1645. Neither side could gain victory
• The Civil war broke out about power and money between Parliament and they started accusing each other of treason
• Treason is the crime of going against a nation in ways which is dangerous to its security
• Taxes were raised which meant many people fell into poverty. Bad harvests caused more suffering. Trade was disrupted
• If soldiers had not been paid they looted people's homes. Some places soldiers burned crops and killed farm animals so wouldn't get in the hands of the enemy