Metals and their extraction

• How are metals extracted?

  From ores
• What are ores?


  Minerals found in the Earth's crust that contain metal compounds
• What is the common name for iron oxide?

  Haematite
• What is the common name for aluminium oxide?

  Bauxite
• What is in the reactivity scale?

  Potassium (most reactive)

  Sodium

  Calcium

  Magnesium

  Aluminium

  Carbon

  Zinc

  Iron

  Hydrogen

  Copper

  Silver

  Gold (least reactive)
• What is the acronym used for the reactivity scale?

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• How is the method of extraction of a metal determined?


  By the stability of it's compound in the ore
• When is electrolysis used to extract metals?


  Between potassium and aluminium. They are very reactive metals which form stable oxides
• When is reduction in the Blast furnace used to extract metals?


  Between carbon and gold. They are less reactive metals which form less stable oxides
• Why is electrolysis used for highly reactive metals?

  It requires a high amount of electric current to reduce them and extract the metal
• Why is reduction used to extract less reactive metals?

  Requires less energy to reduce them and extract the metal
• How can you determine the reactivity of a metal with acid?

  The speed at which hydrogen bubbles are produced. The faster the fizzing, the more reactive the metal
• What is the saying for hydrogen?

  Higher than hydrogen, hydrogen forms
• What is oxidation?

  The loss of electrons from a substance
• What is reduction?


  The gain of electrons in a substance
• What is an oxidising agent?

  A chemical that causes oxidation by providing oxygen
• What is a reducing agent?


  Causes the other chemical to be reduced by removing oxygen
• How is iron extracted?In the blast furnace
• What raw materials are added into the blast furnace?


  Limestone, coke, haematite and air
• What is coke?


  Carbon (C)
• Why is coke needed in the blast furnace?


  Acts as a fuel
• What does limestone do in the blast furnace?


  Removes acidic impurities from the iron ore and forms molten slag
• Why is air needed for the blast furnace?

  Provides oxygen so that the coke can burn and produce heat
• What are the 4 stages of extracting iron from the blast furnace?

  Combustion, reduction, decomposition and neutralisation
• What is the equation for reduction in the blast furnace?

  Fe2O3 + 3CO -> 2Fe + 3CO2

  Iron oxide + carbon monoxide -> Iron + carbon dioxide
• What is reduced in the blast furnace?

  Iron oxide
• What is oxidised in the blast furnace?

  Carbon monoxide
• What is the equation for combustion in the blast furnace?

  Carbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide

  THEN carbon dioxide + carbon -> carbon monoxide
• What is the equation for decompostion in the blast furnace?

  CaCO3 + heat -> CaO + CO2

  Calcium carbonate + heat -> calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
• What is the scientific name for limestone?

  Calcium carbonate
• What is the equation for neutralisation in the blast furnace?

  CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3

  (the CaO neutralises the SiO2)
• What is the scientific name for slag?

  CaSiO3
• What comes out at the bottom of the blast furnace?


  Hot, molten iron due to it's dense mass
• What comes out of the top of the blast furnace?

  Waste gases like carbon dioxide because it is less dense
• What are some of the common features shared by transition metals?


  They form coloured compounds

  Good conductors of heat and electricity

  Malleable

  High melting points

  Less reactive than alkali metals

  Hard and tough
• Where can transition metals be found?


  In the central area of the periodic table
• What colour is Fe(2+) solution?

  Pale green
• What colour is Fe (3+) solution?

  Brown
• What colour is Cu (2+) solution?


  Blue
• How do you test for transition metals?


  You add dilute sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of the metal hydroxide