w&c content

• earths subsystems

  cryosphere

  lithosphere

  biosphere

  hydrosphere

  atmosphere
• closed system

  matter can't enter or leave

  energy can enter and leave

  e.g. carbon cycle
• what % of water on earth is freshwater

  3
• is the global hydrological cycle open or closed

  closed
• 4 ways the magnitude of water stores varies over time and space

  evaportation

  condensation

  cloud formation and precipitation

  cryospheric processes
• what is accumulation

  growth of glaciers
• what is ablation

  loss of water from glaciers
• what is the water balance

  shows the balance between inputs and outputs of water and how much is stored in a water basin
• lag time

  time between peak rainfall and peak discharge in a storm event
• physical factors effecting water cycle

  storms and precipitation
• human factors effecting water cycle

  farming

  land use change

  water abstraction
• river discharge

  the volume of water in cubic meters that flows through the river per second
• stores of carbon

  atmosphere

  vegetation

  soils

  oceans

  sediments

  fossil fuels
• transferred of carbon

  combustion

  respiration

  burning fossil fuels

  photosynthesis

  sequestration

  decomposition

  ocean uptake
• respiration

  co2 - living organisms to atmosphere
• photosynthesis

  atmosphere- biomass
• what is carbon sequestration

  captured and held in sedimentary rocks or fossil fuels
• natural processes affecting carbon cycle

  volcanic eruptions

  wildfires
• human impacts on carbon cycle

  fossil fuel extraction and use

  deforestation

  farming practices

  land use change
• carbon cycle effects of atmosphere

  greenhouse gases , keep the planet warm , as there is more greenhouse gases temperature increases

  more intense storms predicted
• carbon cycle effect on land

  allows plants to grow

  can cause permafrost to melt (less carbon stored on land )

  increased frequency of wildfires
• carbon cycle effect on oceans

  co2 dissolved directly into oceans from atmosphere

  increased co2 in atmosphere increases oceans acidity

  organisms sensitive to temperature may die with increased co2
• how are the water and carbon cycle linked (positive feedback )

  1)

  temp rises

  evaporation increases

  amount of water vapour in atmosphere increases

  greenhouse effect increases

  2)

  temp rises

  plant respiration rate increases

  amount of co2 in atmosphere increases

  greenhouse effect increases
• how are the water and carbon cycle linked (negative feedback )

  1)

  temp rises

  evaporation increases

  amount of water vapour in atmosphere increases causing clouds to form

  increased cloud cover reflects more of suns energy back into space

  temps fall

  2)

  co2 in atmosphere increases

  extra co2 causes plants to increase growth

  plants remove and store more co2 from atmosphere

  amount of co2 in atmosphere reduces
• how does climate change effect life on earth

  pattern of precipitation is due to change (wet areas wetter and dry areas drier )

  extreme weather events are due to be more intense and more frequent

  agricultural productivity decreases

  sea levels expected to rise
• Paris agreement 2015

  international treaty to control the amount of greenhouse gases released
• interactions between water and carbon

  carbon combines with water in the atmosphere - chemical weathering

  water is needed for photosynthesis