female reproduction

• Hormones present in women reproduction (6)


  - GnRH- LH- FSH-estrogens (estradiol and others)- inhibin- progesterone
• Inhibin function


  inhibits secretion of FSH
• Progesterone function (2)


  - inhibit cell proliferation

  - enhance differentiation
• Estrogens are


  Growth factors
• Estrogens are needed for what development? (3)


  - theca

  - granulosa

  - oocyte
• Female and male reproductive endocrinology similarity

  HPA pathway
• Females have ____ gamete at a time

  One
• In follicle of gamete in females, what 2 cells are present?


  - granulosa cells

  - theca cells
• What male gamete cells are similar to the female gamete cells? (2)


  - theca cells and leydig cells

  - granulosa cells and Sertoli cells
• Why are theca cells and leydig cells similar?


  Produce andorgens
• Why are the granulosa cells and Sertoli cells similar ?


  Produce estrogens
• Female fertility is controlled by the ...


  Menstrual cycle
• What are the 2 parts of the menstrual cycle ?

  - ovarian cycle

  - endometrial (uterine) cycle
• Purpose of ovarian cycle (2)


  - develop oocyte

  - produce steroids to drive endometrial cycle
• 2 phases of ovarian cycle

  1. follicular phase

  2. luteal phase
• Purpose of endometrial (uterine) cycle


  Prep uterus for pregnancy
• Phases of endometrial (uterine) cycle (3)

  1. Menses

  2. Proliferative phase

  3. Secretory phase
• How many days in average menstrual cycle?

  28 days
• How long is the

  follicular phase, of the ovarian cycle?14 days (day 0-14)
• Cohort step of follicular phase


  FSH recruits a cohort of follicles
• Ovulation is what day

  day 14
• Ovulation is


  release of the mature oocyte from the ovarian follicle
• In luteal phase, the follicle differentiates into an organ called the ...


  Corpus luteum
• corpus luteum function is to

  Produce steroids
• During first 7 days of follicular phase of ovarian cycle...


  GnRH secretes FSH and LH to ultimately produce estrogens to act as growth factors
• LH binds to receptors on what cells?

  Theca cells
• Theca cells produce


  Androgens
• FSH binds to receptors on what cells?

  Granulosa cells
• Granulosa cells produce _______ using the androgens from theca cells

  Estrogens
• Estrogens have what kind of feedback in the first 7 days of the ovarian cycle?

  Long loopnegativefeedback
• FSH secretion stimulates the transcription of what enzyme?

  Aromatase
• Aromatase then converts _________ to __________ in granulosa cells

  Testosterone, estradiol
• Estradiol is requires for (2)


  - development of oocyte

  - theca development
• During the days 7-14 of the ovarian cycle (follicle maturation) (3)


  - increase in estrogens

  - follicle maturing / growing

  - inhibin is secreted from granulosa cells
• What kind of feedback does estrogen switch to during days 7-14 during ovarian cycle?

  Long looppositivefeedback
• What hormones surge on day 14 or ovulation (SURGE ORDER* critical )

  1. estrogen

  2. LH

  3. FSH
• What causes the surge of estrogen?

  Follicular development
• What causes the surge of LH and FSH ?

  Estrogen POSITIVE feedback loop
• What causes LH surge to be higher than FSH surge?

  Inhibit NEGATIVE feedback
• These surges lead to


  Ovulation