All together

• Essential Nutrients


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
• Macromolecule


  • Very large molecules (polymers) consisting of many smaller structural units (monomers) linked together
  • Too big to pass through cell membranes and into cells, must be broken down into smaller molecules before cells can absorb and utilize them
• Micromolecule


  Small molecules that can pass easily through cell membranes and into cells, do not need to be broken down before cells can absorb and utilize them
• Polymer


  Means multiple
• Monomer


  Means 1
• Triglyceride


  • A triglyceride has three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids, all bonded to a glycerol group
  • Body can only absorb this molecule if it is broken down into its 4 individual subunits
• Unsaturated


  • Fatty acid has less hydrogen atoms and some double bonds
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Example: OMEGA oil, salmon, olive oil and sunflower oil
• Saturated


  • Fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Example: bacon fat and butter
• Bolus


  Physical digestion begins in the mouth where food is chewed and formed into a ball of food and saliva
• Chyme


  The undigested matter that becomes a semi-liquid
• Villi


  • Finger-like tube extensions that project into the small intestine and are bathed in digested nutrient molecules
  • One cell layer thick to allow easy absorption
  • Contain blood vessels and lymph vessels to absorb nutrients
• Microvilli


  Hair-like extensions on each villus that increase the surface area of the small intestine and thus increase absorption
• Vestigial Organs


  • Organs, tissues or cells in a body which are no longer functional as they were in their ancestral form
  • Examples: appendix, tonsils, coccyx
• Respiration


  All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration
• Gas Exchange


  The process whereby the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide, occurring by diffusion in the lungs
• Cellular Respiration


  The chemical reactions in the cell that provide energy and consume oxygen, summarized as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• Erythrocytes


  Red blood cells that transport oxygen using hemoglobin
• Leukocytes


  White blood cells that defend the body against viruses, bacteria and other foreign invaders
• Thrombocytes


  Blood cells that help with clotting
• Pulmonary Circulation


  The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
• Systemic Circulation


  Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body
• Vasodilation


  Increases arteriole diameter to increase blood flow to tissue, occurs when external temperature is warm
• Vasoconstriction


  Decreases arteriole diameter to decrease blood flow to tissue, occurs when external temperature is cold
• Macromolecules are very large molecules consisting of many smaller structural units (monomers) linked together, and are too big to pass through cell membranes
• Micromolecules are small molecules that can pass easily through cell membranes and do not need to be broken down before cells can absorb and utilize them
• Macromolecules


  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
• Lipids


  Macromolecules that do not dissolve in water, including triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
• Carbohydrates


  Chains (polymers) made up of glucose monomers in a 1:2:1 C:H:O ratio
• Proteins


  Chains (polymers) made up of over 20 different amino acid monomers, including peptides, polypeptides, and proteins
• Micromolecules


  • Water
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
• Minerals


  Inorganic nutrients needed for various bodily functions, usually in the form of chemical elements
• Water


  The most important nutrient necessary for body cells to complete their cellular processes
• Types of Carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
  • Disaccharides (double sugars)
  • Polysaccharides (complex sugars)
• Monosaccharides


  Simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Disaccharides


  Double sugars like sucrose and lactose
• Polysaccharides


  Complex sugars like cellulose, glycogen, and starch
• Carbohydrate Functions


  • Main source of energy
  • Quick energy from simple carbs, energy storage from complex carbs
  • Structural component of plant cell walls
• Only monosaccharides can be absorbed from the digestive system into the blood, all other carbohydrates must be broken down into monosaccharides
• Types of Lipids


  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
• Triglycerides


  Have three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to a glycerol group, must be broken down into subunits to be absorbed