hormones

• the anterior lobe of the pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• growth hormone is secreted by somatotroph cells
• thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH release, which then stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are involved in metabolism.
• corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol. This has an anti-inflammatory effect on the body.
• adreno corticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior pituitary stimulates production of glucocorticoids from adrenal glands
• cortisol is released when stress levels are high, it increases blood sugar levels to give energy to fight or flight response
• corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol. This helps with stress response.
• the posterior lobe of the pituitary contains axons that carry oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus
• oxytocin causes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and milk ejection in lactating females
• antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance in the kidneys.
• oxytocin causes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and milk ejection in lactating females.
• glucocorticoids increase blood sugar levels by inhibiting uptake into muscle and fat cells and increasing breakdown of liver glycogen
• glucagon is produced by alpha cells in pancreas, it raises blood sugar levels by converting stored glycogen into glucose
• insulin is produced by beta cells in pancreas, it lowers blood sugar levels by storing excess glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
• somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon release
• gonadotrophins - FSH and LH
• antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water balance by increasing reabsorption of water into bloodstream from kidneys
• growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary promotes growth and cell division in children and adolescents
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates follicles in the ovary to mature and produces sperm cells in males
• mineralocorticoids regulate salt and water balance by promoting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron
• insulin is produced by beta cells in pancreas, it lowers blood sugar levels by promoting storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides
• aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex
• calcitonin decreases calcium ion concentration in extracellular fluid by promoting deposition of calcium in bones
• parathyroid hormone increases calcium ion concentration in blood plasma
• calcitonin decreases calcium ion concentration in blood plasma
• LH triggers ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
• FSH stimulates spermatogenesis (production of sperm) in males and follicle development in females
• prolactin promotes milk production during pregnancy and lactation
• growth hormone increases growth rate of bones and muscles
• prolactin from the anterior pituitary stimulates milk production during pregnancy and lactation
• melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) from the posterior pituitary increases skin pigmentation
• luteinising hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation and production of progesterone in females; also responsible for testosterone production in males
• glucagon is produced by alpha cells in pancreas, it raises blood sugar levels by converting stored glycogen back into glucose
• glucagon increases blood sugar levels by promoting breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose
• parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by parathyroid glands when calcium levels fall below normal, it increases calcium release from bones and decreases excretion of calcium through urine
• aldosterone regulates salt and water balance in the body
• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex
• adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin
• calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing uptake of calcium by bone tissue