revision

• enriched environment

  social and physical surrounding that facilitate intellectual and sensory stimulation which are thought to greatly impact the early development of children during critical and sensory periods
• deprived environment

  absence of conditions that stimulate senses and allow for intellectual growth. the lack of exposure to learning environments can reduce cognitive development and lead to poor social skills
• physical effects of DE

  poor posture, low weight, poor health
• physical effects of EE

  good posture, healthy weight, balanced wealth
• cognitive effects of DE

  limited vocabulary, lower alertness, lower concentration
• cognitive effects of EE

  organisational skills, high alertness, focus
• social effects of DE

  introverted, lack of ability to express, closed off
• social effects of EE

  able to express themselves, more open
• type a -- insecure avoidant attachment 


  does not seek proximity, happy to explore (mother is not used as safe base), little anxiety, no distress when mother leaves, little interest in reunion
• type b -- secure attachment 


  seeks proximity, expresses/uses mother, moderate stranger anxiety. moderately distressed, happy/seek comfort
• type c -- insecure resistant attachment 


  hight/great proximity, little exploration, high level stranger anxiety, high separation anxiety, approaches mother but resists comfort
• definition of attachment

  formation of a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver
• monotropy

  the innate need to attach to one main caregiver
• brain plasticity

  the ability of neural connections to grow and reorganise
• developmental plasticity

  the ability of neural connections in the brain to reorganise in response to sensory input from the environment
• adaptive plasticity

  the ability of neural connections in the brain to reorganise in response to learning new information or to compensate for lost functions and take advantage of remaining functions
• proliferation

  growth and division of cells
• migration

  neurons moving to their final positions
• circuit formation

  forming neural connections
• synaptic pruning

  eliminating unused neurons
• myelination

  growth of a myelin sheath
• physical development

  changes with age, size, proportion, appearance, motor skills and coordination
• gross motor skills 


  movements requiring whole-of-body muscles to achieve basci outcomes
• examples of GM 


  walking, waving, kicking
• fine motor skills 


  the use of smaller muscles to achieve complex outcomes
• examples of FM


  writing, cleaning teeth, tying shoelace
• pre-natal stage

  unborn babies of thirty weeks listen to their mothers talk and learn speech sounds
• infancy

  read and react to facial expressions. use vocalisations such as cooing, cries
• childhood stage


  vocabulary rapidly increases by age 3 and by 5 they can tell stories, speak clearly and understand basic grammar
• adolescence 


  improvements in language comprehension , able to comprehend abstract language such as similes and idioms
• early adulthood 


  verbal fluency starts to decline after 35, improvements in the knowledge of words and their meanings
• middle age 


  tip of the tongue phenomena increases with age, verbal fluency continues to decline
• what is tip of the tongue phenomenon?

  a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning
• older age 


  speed of language processing continues to decline, difficulties with language production may occur, TOP phenomena continues to increase
• social development 


  the way in which an individual learns to interact with others and form relationships over the course of their life
• social development: prenatal 


  social development is limited to the interactions between the developing foetus and its mother
• social development: infancy 


  develop attachment through basic social skills such as smiling, making eye contact
• social development: childhood 


  interact with others in group settings
• social development: adolescence

  form more intimate relationships with peers and begin to explore romantic relationships, more independent
• social development: early adulthood 


  establish themselves in their careers and form social networks with colleagues and friends