geography

• Population Pyramids

  Provide insights into demographic trends such as birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy
• Population Pyramids


  • Describe what the shape looks like (eg, wider base and narrow top)
  • Can help predict future population trends, such as population growth or decline
• Choropleth Maps

  Use colour shading or patterns to represent spatial variations in data across geographic regions such as countries, states, or counties
• Topographic Maps


  Depict the elevation, relief, and terrain features of a landscape using contour lines, symbols, and colours
• Grid and Area Reference


  Locate intersecting lines labelled with letters and numbers on the map (area). Count the squares to pinpoint the exact location. Then, identify the corresponding area name or feature for context (grid).
• Urbanisation


  The process of people moving from rural and remote areas to urban areas
• Rural areas


  Country areas that have limited access to shops and transport, rely on agriculture, and have a small population
• Urban area

  A city, with a large diverse population, access to plenty of goods and services, a well developed transport system, and is characterised by diverse culture
• Push factors


  Reasons people leave a place
• Pull factors


  Reasons people move to another place
• Australia's population, like the rest of the world's population, is growing. As of 2022 it is estimated that 26 million people live in Australia, making it the 53rd most populated country on earth. Australia current population is 1.3% per annum (per year)
• Factors affecting Australia's population


  • Access to water
  • Housing availability
  • Job opportunities
  • Type of environment
  • Access to transportation
  • Access to entertainment
  • Access to education
  • Health care
  • Acceptance of other cultures
  • Crime rate
• Effects of increasing population (on Australia and society)


  • Resources are being used at higher rates
  • Not enough housing (increasing rent/tax)
  • People running away from war
  • Less job opportunities (more people)
  • Food supply will decrease as well as water
  • More inflation (cost of living becoming expensive)
  • Strains on emergency services
• High Immigration (for)


  • Fund double the infrastructure with more people
  • Able to fund future plans of transport to make things easier
  • People from other countries are able to help people from small towns, creating businesses
  • Shares cultures / embraces cultures
  • Meeting new people
• High Immigration (against)


  • Overcrowding / demands
  • Population is growing faster and not enough space
  • Houses are becoming more expensive because of supply and demand (inflation)
  • Because of traffic people are losing time with family of for leisure to go to work
• Refugee


  Someone who is forced to leave their country due to extreme push factors
• Types of refugees

  • Political
  • Climate
  • War
  • Religious
• Immigration


  The process of moving to a new country / area with the intention of staying and living there
• Migration


  The movement from one country, locality, place of residence, to settle in another
• Emigration


  The process of leaving one's home country to settle in another nation
• Push factors influencing refugees to migrate to Australia


  • Conflict
  • Political instability
  • Limited food sources
• Push pull factors

  May lead to higher population and levels of overcrowdedness in cities like Sydney
• Advantages of urbanisation


  • Opportunities of work, better housing, education and health services
  • Change to move out of poverty
• Disadvantages of urbanisation


  • Rapid growth in the city → urban sprawl, traffic, air and water pollution
  • Impact on natural environment
  • Social problems → unemployment, infrastructure, spread of slums and crimes
• Economic impact of urbanisation in China: Building stuff for things that have no demand and creating a large problem for the future. People are betting pushed out of their homes and are unable to afford an apartment.
• Social impact of urbanisation in China: People owning businesses have little amount of customers, so it gets boring and lonely (in ghost towns). As a result of the vast amount of skyscrapers being built, people are forced out of their homes and live in one small room houses, and are sometimes unable to see their children because of the limited space.
• Environmental impact of urbanisation in China: The environment is being demolished in order to build the apartments that are not even used because of its price.
• Megacity


  A city with more than 10 million residents
• Megacities in developed countries


  • Tokyo - yokohama
  • Seoul - incheon
  • New York
  • Osaka - kobe - kyoto
  • Moscow
  • Los Angeles
• Asia has the greatest portion of the world's large urban area population
• Why Australians live where they live

  • Local conditions (if there's high rates of droughts or floods in certain areas)
  • Different building code requirements for each climate cone
  • Transport network
  • Access to services and resources
  • Topography
• The population growth along the coast indicates that these areas have the highest and quickly increasing population out of the entire country, and there are more resources / accessible resources in these areas
• The population growth in Australia makes me wonder how long it will take for the major cities in Australia to become megacities
• The population of China is 1.3 billion people
• The increasing population is driving the development in China, such as the transportation, buildings and housings (usually apartments)
• In the next decade, 350 million people will leave the land for the city in China
• The movement of people from rural to urban areas in China is leading to the rise of the megacity
• Skyscrapers are being built in China to withstand the rising population, no matter the cost (the cost being to make people move out of their homes)
• It took only two weeks to build a 30 story hotel in China, which is dangerous as the buildings could be unstable and unsafe
• The apartments in the ghost cities in China are empty because people sometimes are not able to afford living there as some people live on two dollars a day