policy development bio and individualistic

• biological processes:

  • Antabuse = causes extreme hangover. effects drinkers. reduces aggression and violence
  • methadone = reduces withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts. reduces possession crimes and petty theft to fund habits
  • stilbestrol = female hormone used in chemical castration. reduces sexual urges in sex offenders
  • valium = calms potentially violent or troublesome prisoners down
• biological processes:

  • tear gas = can be used to control and disperse crowds. causes breathing issues and disorientation
  • diet = can be modified to change behaviour. additives, vitamins, food colouring
  • surgical castration = has been used to control urges of sex offenders
  • lobotomy = brain surgery to change behaviour in violent/sex offenders
• genetics:

  • eugenics = based on idea that undesirable genes can be 'bred out'
  • nazi Germany = extreme eugenics policies led to 'racial purification' and the holocaust
  • compulsory sterilisation = several countries introduced laws in the early 20th century to sterilise 'defectives'
• eugenics definition = study of how to increase occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable
• psychoanalysis:

  • eugenics = based on FREUD'S idea that analyst can resolve unconscious conflicts that lead to criminal behaviour
  • AICHORN = developed more nurturing YOIs to develop stronger superego among delinquent youths
  • effective = not very. takes a long time and is expensive. the analyst is able to abuse their power
• operant learning:

  • token economies = based on idea that positive reinforcement leads to repetition of desirable behaviour
  • in prisons = inmates earn tokens for desired behaviour which are exchanged for rewards
  • effective = improved behaviour in prison, slower return to crime on release but not longlasting