France 3

• Context sentence fact 1

  On the 3d of September 1791, the National Assembly forced Louis XVI to accept the French constitution, turning the absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy
• Context sentence fact 2

  This period witnessed political, social, and economic factors that catapulted France into a phase of radical transformation
• Threat of war fact (1)

  The Declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791 in which the leaders of Austria and Prussia appealed to unite against the revolution and restore Louis XVI to full power led to a declaration of war by the National Assembly
• Threat of war A (1)

  Heated political discussion in France between the Girondins and the Jacobin opposition
• Threat of war F (2)

  The war initially went well for France - they were able to push their enemies out of France by September 1792, but the presence of invading armies led to unrest and tension in Paris, leading to massacres of the upper class and nobility
• Threat of war A (2)


  Louis XVI was directly under threat - Louis was villainised and associated with counter-revolutionary efforts in France (directly challenging and contributing to the failure of the constitutional monarchy in 1792)
• Threat of war A (3)

  Threat of war put pressure on the constitutional monarchy. It signalled a direct challenge to the monarchy, and exposed its instabilities.
• Emigres F (1)

  The emigres were supporters of the monarchy and formed clubs such as the Lafayette club. They were monarchists who left France during the revolution
• Emigres A (1)

  The emigres plotted to end the revolution and could support other European countries in their counterrevolutionary war efforts.
• Emigres F (2)

  Austria and Prussia issued the declaration of Pillnitz in August 1791, declaring a willingness to use force to protect Louis XVI
• Emigres A (2)

  Increased the threat that the emigres posed on the constitutional monarchy as their efforts were supported by declarations of war from European countries
• Emigres A+

  Seemed from the fear of France's revolutionary ideas spreading further than France, and through different European countries. The Emigres' individual efforts did not contribute to the signing of the declaration of Pillnitz.
• Emigres E

  The Emigres' involvement was minor - only consisted of around 150,000 people. It was the collaborative effort of strong countries which threatened the constitutional monarchy -
• Louis XVI F (1)

  This advisors failed to persuade the king to accept the new constitutional arrangements
• Louis XVI A (1)

  Louis XVI's neglectful and irresponsible actions proved the irrationality of the failing monarchy - proved to the National Assembly that he was unable to agree to the terms of the constitutional monarchy
• Louis XVI F (2)

  June 1791, Louis XVI attempted to escape to the Austrian border - the "flight to Varennes"
• Louis XVI A (2)

  This escape made it clear to sceptics that he was a reluctant associate - he publicly turned his back on the constitution and system
• Louis XVI A+

  If it weren't for the mutual dislike for the new constitution, and the rest of Europe's desire for an absolute monarchy, Louis would have had nowhere to go at all.
• Louis XVI E

  Louis' underlying opposition to the constitutional monarchy became more significant because of the threat of war as it was the guidance and influence of external countries and nations such as Austria which aided and coerced Louis XVI's actions by mutual monarchist ideas.
• National Assembly F (1)

  The sans culottes were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the fact that their lives had changed little since the revolution - July 1791, gathered no the Champ de Mars to petition for the removal of the monarchy, forcing National guard to use force against them - 50 people murdered
• National Assembly A (1)

  Fuelled discontentment and proved that the national assembly could not control radicals effectively.
• National Assembly F (2)

  The National Assembly was divided with the Girondins (moderate settlement based around and constitutional monarch) and the Jacobins (radicals)
• National Assembly A (2)

  Resulted in disagreements between groups and threatened the legitimacy of the National Assembly and the constitution itself, as it represented social divisions within France
• National Assembly A+

  These divisions were only internal, and the more significant and worrying division was the divine between counterrevolutionaries and revolutionaries
• National Assembly E

  Problems of the national assembly were representative of deep divisions with France, but this divide was exacerbated by the threat of war. The Jacobins' saw the war as dangerous to France's internal process, whereas the Girondins wanted to use the war to root out France's internal enemies.
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy F (1)

  July 1790, the French Catholic Church fell prey to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, making France a secular state. Roman Catholicism no longer the official religion of France, bishops and priests elected by the people
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy A (1)

  Diluted revolutionary efforts and upset many people in France
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy F (2)

  February 1790, National Assembly confiscated church's land which was made available for peasants to buy, this was backed up by the new French currency, the assignat. The overpricing of this new money debased them and led to hyperinflation, debasing the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy A+

  if the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was the main reason, there would have been a civil war before 1792 when the problem with hyperinflation first occurred. The height of counterrevolutionary efforts were during 1792, and was the effect of the outbreak of war
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy E

  The initial issue was 400 million assignats which increased by 800 million in September 1790 - created another problem to deal with, but did not significant impact or influence counterrevolutionary efforts due to the timeline