policy development (SOCIOLOGICAL AND INDIVIDUALISTIC)

• aversion therapy:

  • aversion therapy = based on Eysenck's idea that highly neurotic criminals are harder to condition
  • how it works = used on sex offenders to associate sexual arousal with severely unpleasant stimulus
  • effective = limited. short term. abuse of human rights when trying to cure gay men
• Merton subcultural theories:

  • basis = making society more equal would reduce crime
  • Merton = policies to tackle poverty. creates equal opportunities in school and provide education for prisoners
  • effective = shows positive effect from studies. countries with lower inequality have lower crime rates
• cognitive behavioural therapy:

  • aims = to correct faulty thinking patterns of offenders
  • A.R.T= used with violent/ aggressive offenders. involves skill training, anger control and moral reasoning
  • effective = lower reconviction rates. some studies suggest limited behavioural change
  • think first = one to one of group sessions for repeated offenders on probation. includes problem solving , consequential thinking and decision making
  • effective = lower reconviction rates but non completion rate is high
• profiling:

  • CCTV = uses statistical data to draw up a picture of likely offenders
  • effective = can be discriminatory and lead to SFP
• labelling:

  • basis = crime is a result of SFP
  • decriminalisation = decriminalising minor offences to avoid labelling
  • diversion = officially or unofficially avoiding young criminals entering CJS
  • reintegrative shaming = labelling the act but not the actor
  • effective = can deal successfully with minor offences and young offenders. avoiding labelling prevents them being pushed into delinquent career
• key vocab:

  • A.R.T = aggression replacement therapy
  • S.F.P = self fulfilling prophecy
  • panopticon = all seeing
• surveillance:

  • CCTV = leads people to self regulate as they never know if they are being watched or not
  • effective = easy for criminals to overcome. probably more effective as a reassurance for the public
  • effective = improved behaviour in prison. slower return to crime on release but not long lasting.
  • problem = stereotyping and misuse known as surveillance creep