Water egs

• What % of hazards were flood 2000-2019?

  44%
• What % of population were affected by floods 2000-2019?

  41%
• What % of total economic loss from hazards 2000-2019 did floods cause?

  22%
• What % of hazard deaths 2000-2019 did floods cause?

  9%
• Impact of long and/or short term climate change on the inputs of Alaska, USA?

  - precipitation projected to increase during all seasons by the end of the century

  - drier lands increase likelihood of floods
• Impact of long and/or short term climate change on the outputs of Alaska, USA?

  - greater evaporation caused by warming temps and longer growing season

  - increase risk of drought, wildfire and insect infestation

  - reduce water availability
• Impact of long and/or short term climate change on the outputs of Australia?

  - increased evaporation

  - dry conditions leaving more vulnerable to droughts
• Impact of long and/or short term climate change on the flows and stores of Australia?

  - reduced surface water availability

  - drying river pools and seasonal wetlands faster

  - increase in saline habitats, altered sand bar dynamics, shoreline erosion + sediment distribution
• What is Haiti's water poverty index?

  32.7
• What is China's WPI?

  56.6
• What is the UK's WPI?

  71.0
• What are the advantages of Public Water Supply? Bolivia, SEMAPA

  - connections increased by 10%

  - able to regulate price of water so more of pop. can have it

  -Oxfam define water as a "public good that should be managed by national governments"
• What are the disadvantages of Public Water Supply? Bolivia, SEMAPA


  - gov. inefficiency

  - coverage of pipes to individual houses is 45%

  - Water supplies only available for 2 hours, 3 days a week

  - unable to supply 55% of pop.

  - maintenance costs high, unaffordable in long term
• What are the advantages of Private Water Supply? Bolivia, SUEZ


  - corporate efficiency

  - coverage is 100%

  - connections increased by 50%

  - selling off can relieve gov. debt allow to invest in other areas
• What are the disadvantages of Private Water Supply? Bolivia, SUEZ


  - many houses can't afford to get connected

  - cost $450 for a poor person to get connected

  - less than 20% are connected

  - 200,000 people have been excluded since 2005 due to cost
• What % of countries around the world share water basins with at least one of their neighbours?

  90%
• Littoral Zone


  Area of shoreline where land is subject to wave action
• Offshore


  Where waves begin to break in the deeper water. Friction between the waves and the sea bed may cause some distortion of the wave shape.
• Nearshore


  Friction between the seabed and waves distorts the wave sufficiently to cause it to break.

  Possible breakpoint bar formation.
• Foreshore


  The area between the high tide and the low tide mark.
• Backshore


  The area above the high tide mark, affected by wave action only during major storm events.
• Why are Littoral zones dynamic zones of rapid change?

  Short term - Changing inputs, through flows and outputs of energy and material. High and low tide variation, wave energy due to weather.

  Long term - Sea level variation due to climate change
• Classifying Coasts - Geology

  - Characteristics of land, including lithology (rock type) and structure (arrangement of rock units).

  - Used to classify coasts as cliffed, sandy, estuarine, concordant and discordant
• Geological Structure


  Characteristics and arrangement of rock units.
• Strata


  Different layers (or beds) of rock.
• Bedding Plane


  Surface separating layers of strata.
• Fold


  Tectonic forced that distort rock strata
• Folding increases erosion rates

  - Folded rock are heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded.

  - Rock is stretched along anticline crests and compressed in syncline troughs.
• Fault


  Fractured Rock that has moved from its original position.
• Joint


  Fractured rock that hasn't moved from the original position.
• Longshore drift


  The movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle
• Clastic rocks


  Made of sediment particles cemented together
• Crystalline rocks


  Made of interlocking mineral crystals.
• How does Lithology affect resistance? (3)

  - Mineral Composition

  - Rock Class

  - Structure
• Mineral Composition - Resistance


  - Some rocks contain reactive minerals easily broken down by chemical weathering, e.g. calcite in limestone.

  - Other minerals are more inert that chemically weather more slowly
• Rock Class - Resistance

  - Clastic Sedimentary rocks = limestone

  - Cements that are reactive and easily chemically weathered = iron oxide

  - Sedimentary rocks with weak cementation = boulder clay

  - Crystalline and strong chemically bonded igneous rock = Granite
• Structure - Resistance


  - Rocks with fissures (faults and joints) or air spaces (porous) rocks, weather and erode rapidly.
• Igneous Rock


  - Formed from solidified lava or magma

  - Composed of interlocking crystals, forming hard, resistant rock

  - Tend to have fewer joints and weaknesses, therefore being more resistant

  - Erode at 0.1cm p.a.
• Metamorphic Rock


  - Formed by the recrystallisation of sedimentary and igneous rocks through heat and pressure

  - Has a crystalline structure

  - Less resistant than igneous rock due to crystals not being interlocked and the rock often containing folds and faults

  - Erode at 0.1-0.3cm p.a.
• Sedimentary Rock


  - Formed by compaction and cementation of deposited sediment

  - Contain weak bedding planes

  - They are clastic

  - Often heavily joined due to compaction

  - Erode at 0.5cm-10cm p.a.