Test 4

• Abdominal Quadrants


  4 quadrants divided by a line through the navel
• Abdominal Quadrants


  • Right upper quadrant
  • Left upper quadrant
  • Left lower quadrant
  • Right lower quadrant
• Nine abdominal regions


  • Epigastrium
  • Right Hypochondrium
  • Left Hypochondrium
  • Left Flank
  • Right Flank
  • Umbilical
  • Right Inguinal area
  • Left Inguinal area
  • Supra-pubic
• Anterior abdominal wall


  Extends from costal margin to inferior borders consisting of: Iliac crest, Anterior superior iliac spine, Inguinal ligament, Pubic crest
• Digestive process


  • Ingestion
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Propulsion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
• Carbohydrates


  Disaccharides, monosaccharides
• Proteins


  Amino acids
• Lipids


  Fatty acids & monoglycerides
• Where does the process of digestion begin?
• Integumentary system


  The system made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands

  
• Primary organs


  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
• Integumentary system


  • Largest system of the body
  • Makes up 16% of body weight
  • Its area is 1.5 to 2m2
• Secondary organs


  • Salivary glands
  • Liver and gall bladder
  • Pancreas
• Components of the integumentary system


  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Glands
• Other structures


  • Mouth with teeth and tongue
  • Oropharynx with muscles and epiglottis
  • Peripheral and Central nervous system
• Parts of the integument


  • Cutaneous membrane
  • Accessory structures
• Basic structure of the GI "tube"


  • Large intestine: Rugae & glands, Crypts, Glands
  • Small intestine: Villi, Crypts
  • Stomach: Rugae
  • Esophagus: Differentiation of the layers in different organs
• Ingestion


  1. Mechanical mastication

  2. Teeth – mechanical digestion

  3. Cheek muscles (muscles of mastication)

  4. Tongue –mechanical mastication, taste, deglutition

  5. Chemical digestion

  6. Saliva release
• Propulsion


  Swallowing (deglutition)
• Cutaneous membrane


  • Epidermis (superficial epithelium)
  • Dermis (underlying CT with blood supply)
  • Hypodermis (SCL)
• Oral cavity


  Where digestion begins
• Functions of the integumentary system


  • Protection
  • Sensation
  • Allows movement
  • Endocrine
  • Excretion
  • Immunity
  • Regulate Temperature
• Salivary glands


  • Parotid gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Parotid duct
  • Submandibular duct
  • Submandibular gland
• Structural layers of the skin


  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
• Saliva


  Made of H2O, salts & "salivary amylase"
• Pharynx


  • nasopharynx
  • uvula
  • oropharynx
  • epiglottis
  • laryngopharynx
• Epidermis


  Epithelial tissue
• Pharynx


  Common passageway for air & food, oropharynx & laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium, uvula & epiglottis protect airway when swallowing ("deglutition")
• Dermis


  Dense connective tissue proper - irregular
• Esophagus


  Muscular tube running from pharynx, posterior to trachea, down thoracic cavity, through "esophageal hiatus" of diaphragm to cardiac sphincter at junction of stomach, ±25cm hose-like muscular tube
• Hypodermis


  Loose connective tissue proper and adipose tissue
• Esophagus


  Mucosa is simple squamous epithelium, variations in muscularis externa – begins as skeletal muscle at upper 1/3, mixed skeletal & smooth muscle in middle, smooth muscle by lower 1/3
• Stomach


  Chemical digestion, Digestion of food particles, Contains gastric juices and HCl, Mechanical digestion, Break down of food particles, Reservoir, Propulsion or Gastric Emptying (vomiting), polypeptides, pepsin, HCl, proteins
• Cells of the Epidermis


  • Keratinocytes
  • Basal layer: Dark
• Small intestine


  Receives chyme from stomach, secretions from liver, gallbladder & pancreas, most digestion & absorption occurs here, connects to cecum of large intestine at iliocecal valve (sphincter)
• Layers of the Epidermis in thin skin

  • Four layers of keratinocytes
• Small intestine


  • Modifications in mucosa & submucosa of intestinal wall designed to increase functional surface area: Plicae circulares (circular folds) – large transverse ridges; most abundant in jejunum, Villi – small finger-like projections of mucosal folds across surface of intestine
• Layers of the Epidermis in thick skin

  • Five layers of keratinocytes
• Large Intestine


  • Rectum
  • ileum
  • Ileocecal sphincter
  • Cecum
  • Vermiform appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Anal canal
  • Rectum
  • Internal anal sphincter
  • External anal sphincter
  • Anus
• Stratum Basale


  • Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
  • Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
  • Rich in melanocytes: Produce melanin