memory - psychology

• Encoding


  Taking in information from our environment through our senses (sights, sounds, etc.) and changing this information so that it can be stored in the brain
• Ways to encode information


  • Visually
  • Acoustically
  • Semantically
• Visual processing


  Paying attention to what something looks like
• Acoustic processing


  Encoding information by the way it sounds
• Semantic processing


  Encoding by considering the meaning of information
• Storage


  Keeping information in memory and making it available when it is needed
• Retrieval


  Recovering information that has previously been encoded and stored
• Episodic memory


  Information stored that is to do with time and place, our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives
• Semantic memory


  Memory for factual/meaningful information, memories of concepts, rules and general knowledge
• Procedural memory


  Our knowledge of how to do things, often involving remembering an action or muscle-based memory
• Murdock's Serial Position Curve Study


  1. Participants presented with lists of words

  2. Participants asked to recall as many words as possible

  3. Participants recalled more words from the start and end of the list (primacy and recency effects)

  4. Murdock believed words at start were in long-term memory, words at end were in short-term memory
• This provides evidence for the existence of separate short and long term memory stores
• The multi-store model of memory has been criticised for being oversimplified, for example it does not distinguish between elaborative and maintenance rehearsal or explain why the former leads to greater recall
• The multi-store model can provide practical ideas for how to remember things more effectively, for example we need to pay attention when information is presented to us
• Bartlett found that participants remembered the story 'War of the Ghosts' differently, shortening it and changing details to fit their own cultural experiences
• Bartlett concluded that how stories are remembered depends on the cultural background of the person recalling them
• Interference is when we have difficulty recalling information due to other information getting in the way, it is more likely to happen when the two memories are similar
• Types of interference


  • Proactive (old information disrupts recall of new information)
  • Retroactive (new information disrupts recall of old information)
• Recall is more accurate when information is encoded and retrieved in the same context
• False memory is where people either remember things that didn't happen, often because they have been implanted, or remember them differently from the way they really were
• The hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories, particularly episodic memories.
• What does S. 2(1)(A) state about belief in legal right to appropriate?

  Belief doesn't have to be reasonable
• What case illustrates that belief in legal right doesn't need to be reasonable?

  R V Robinson
• What does S. 2(1)(b) state regarding owner consent?

  Owner would consent if aware of circumstances
• Which case supports the idea that owner consent is based on awareness of circumstances?

  R V Holden
• What does S. 2(1)(c) state about discovering the owner?

  Owner cannot be discovered by reasonable steps
• Which case illustrates the inability to discover the owner through reasonable steps?

  R V Small
• What happens if blatant dishonesty is unclear?

  The persuasive and objective test will be used
• How has the test for dishonesty changed according to Barton and Booth?

  The test has become completely objective
• What case provides the test for dishonesty?

  Ivey V Genting casino
• What is the first question in the Ivey V Genting casino test?

  What was the D's actual state of knowledge?
• What is the second question in the Ivey V Genting casino test?

  Was his conduct dishonest by ordinary standards?
• What is the significance of the ghost test in dishonesty cases?

  The ghost test is no longer required