Unit 1 APWH

• State


  An organized political community under one government (like a country, empire, nation, etc.)
• Song Dynasty


  • Revived Confucianism, or Neo-Confucianism to legitimize their rule due to its ancient history in China
  • Used an imperial bureaucracy where eligible men had to pass the Civil Service Exam based on Confucian classics
• Confucianism


  • Society is hierarchical with superiors and inferiors, the State was superior to citizens, men were superior to women
  • Harmony depended on keeping the proper relationships
  • Filial piety emphasized the need for children to obey and honor their parents, grandparents, and deceased ancestors
• The Song Dynasty demonstrated continuity and innovation to maintain and justify its rule
• Confucianism as the state philosophy and the Civil Service Exam began during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE), showing continuity in Chinese History
• Neo-Confucianism showed innovation during the Song Dynasty
• The use of a large bureaucracy began during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE), showing continuity
• Chinese cultural traditions continued during the Song Dynasty
• Women in Song China


  • Always in a subordinate position, stripped of legal rights, could not own property or remarry, limited access to education, practice of footbinding became popular in elite social circles
• Korea used a civil service exam to join the bureaucracy and also adopted Buddhism from China
• Buddhism


  Starts with the Four Noble Truths which acknowledge suffering and desire/craving as the cause, the way to stop suffering is the Eightfold Path, Buddhists believe in reincarnation but the ultimate goal is to stop the cycle and achieve nirvana through enlightenment
• Theravada Buddhism


  • The original form, many Buddhist monks lived within monasteries to focus on attaining enlightenment
• Mahayana Buddhism


  • A new form that traveled to East Asia, encouraged broader participation and offered help to achieve nirvana from bodhisattvas
• Chinese cultural traditions influenced neighboring regions
• Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools and practices
• Song China's economy


  • Inherited prosperity and growth from previous dynasties, population doubled between 8th and 10th centuries
  • Commercialized, producing goods like porcelain and silk sold across Eurasia
  • Expansion of the Grand Canal facilitated trade
• Champa Rice


  A drought resistant crop that matured early, increasing the amount of food available in the empire, therefore increasing the population
• The economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity and innovations
• China's expertise in Silk and Porcelain production, and centers of iron and steel production all over the country, contributed to the flourishing economy
• The Chinese Tribute System allowed countries to acknowledge China's superiority and gain access to trade rights, leading to the spread of Chinese cultural practices like Confucianism and Mahayana Buddhism to neighboring regions
• Islam, Judaism and Christianity were all practiced in Dar al-Islam, and the prophet Mohammad claimed to be the final prophet in the line of God's messengers stretched back through the Jewish and Christian scriptures
• By 1200 the Abbasid caliphate had begun to break up and lose its powerful position in the Muslim world, and in 1258 their capital, Baghdad was conquered by the Mongols which was their end
• The Seljuks were Turks from Central Asia who the Abbasids tried to use to prop up their failing state, but they created their own empire instead and became a dominant force in the region
• Other Turkic Muslim states that emerged include the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt which was started by slave soldiers
• The new Islamic empires borrowed practices from previous empires, such as Sharia law, a legal code based on the Quran
• Muslim scholars in places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad preserved the works of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, translating them into Arabic and commenting on them, which eventually made it back to Europe
• Empires spread through military expansion and Islam spread through the travels of Muslim merchants and the work of missionaries like the Sufis
• The 3 main religions in South Asia were Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, with Buddhists mostly reduced to monastic communities by c. 1200
• Bhakti Hinduism, a new movement that began in Southern India, emphasized devotion to 1 Hindu god and challenged social and gender hierarchies
• The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate made Islam the religion of the elite in South Asia
• In Southeast Asia, the main religions were Buddhism and Islam, with Islam eventually becoming more widely practiced, though Buddhism remained established in states like Thailand and Cambodia
• Religions in South Asia


  • Hinduism
  • Islam
  • Buddhism
• Bhakti Hinduism


  A new movement in South Asia that began in the Southern part of India and emphasized devotion to 1 Hindu god (Hindus are polytheistic). It challenged social and gender hierarchies in Hindu India.
• By c. 1200 Buddhists in South Asia were mostly reduced to monastic communities
• Religions in Southeast Asia


  • Buddhism
  • Islam
• Islam was more widely practiced eventually in Southeast Asia but in states like Thailand and Cambodia Buddhism was established
• Delhi Sultanate


  A Muslim state in Northern India where the majority population was Hindu
• Rajput kingdoms


  Rival warring Hindu Kingdoms who held the Delhi Sultanate back from conquering more land
• Vijayanagara Empire


  A Hindu kingdom formed by brothers who had previously converted to Islam to serve the Delhi Sultanate. It rivaled the Delhi Sultanate.
• Majapahit Kingdom


  A Buddhist Kingdom on Java that maintained influence by controlling sea routes for trade, but declined when China supported its rival the Sultanate of Malacca