CH7 Response to Infection

• Pathogen


  An organism that causes disease
• Disease


  An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
• Infection


  invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism
• Two Types of Immune System

  Innate and Acquired
• Innate Immune System


  First line of defence (non specific responses) that respond immediately
• Acquired Immune System


  Specific immune responses with B and T cells and takes longer
• primary response


  first time the immune system combats an antigen
• Attenuated'


  describes bacteria or viruses that have been reduced in virulence
• Bacteria


  single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
• Label Bacteria Diagram

  
• Bacterial Cell Membrane Function

  responsible for the transportation of solutes in and out of the cell
• Bacterial Flagella


  used for locomotion
• Bacterial Ribosomes


  responsible for protein synthesis (translation)
• Bacterial Cytoplasm


  contains water, salts, and DNA
• Bacterial Capsule Function


  helps in attachment of bacterium to another bacteria
• Bacteriophage


  A virus that infects bacteria
• Virus


  A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
• Virus Diagram

  
• Purpose for RNA/DNA in viruses

  replication in the nucleus (DNA) or cytoplasm (RNA) to spread the virus in other cells
• Virus Capsid Function


  protects the viral DNA or RNA genome from being digested by enzymes
• Virus Spikes


  allow virus to attach to host cells with corresponding receptors
• Virus Envelope


  made of lipids to protect genetic material and promote fusion of other viral cellular membranes
• Viruses: Living Status


  Viruses are not considered living organisms.
• virulence


  the disease-producing power of a pathogen
• Viruses: Genetic Material


  Contain DNA or RNA, never both. Having both would lead to replication complexities and decreased survival rate.
• What are the three types of contact transmission?

  Direct Contact, Indirect Contact, Droplet Contact
• How does direct contact transmission occur?

  Person to person via physical contact (body fluids too).
• What is droplet contact transmission?


  Tiny droplets of moisture containing bacteria or virus are emitted when talking, sneezing, coughing, laughing, etc...
• What are the four types of vehicle transmission?

  Bodily Fluid Transmission, Airborne Transmission, Waterborne Transmission, Foodborne Transmission
• How does bodily fluid transmission occur?


  Body fluids like blood from an infected person infect someone else via mucous membrane or bloodstream.
• What is indirect contact transmission?


  Touching an object (toothbrush, hand towel, drinking glass) by an infected person.
• What is airborne transmission?


  Viruses and some bacteria in exhaled droplets can evaporate, but can still be viable to be inhaled and infect someone.
• What is waterborne transmission?

  Caused by water contamination where viruses and bacteria are present.
• What is foodborne transmission?

  Ingestion of food or drink that contain bacteria or viruses.
• What is vector transmission?

  Vectors are animals or objects that spread diseases without being affected by the virus or bacteria in their system.
• What are some examples of vector transmission?


  Mosquito - Malaria, Ticks - Lyme Disease, Rat - Bubonic plague
• Non Specific Defence


  A defence that works the same against all pathogens
• Where can mucus membranes be found


  Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts
• What role do mucous membranes play in the digestive tract's defence mechanism?


  They secrete sticky mucus to inhibit pathogen entry
• chemical barriers to infection (3) and where can these be found (4)


  Hydrochloric acid in the stomach (highly acidic)

  Lysozyme in sweat and tears

  Lactic acid in the vaginal walls