CH2 Endocrine System

• Diabetes Type 1 Cause


  A fault in the immune system, leading to the destruction of insulin producing Beta cells in the islets of langherans.
• Hyperthyroidism Cause


  Thyroid produces increased amounts of thyroxine and T3.
• Hypothyroidism Cause


  Caused by an iodine deficiency, therefore not producing enough thyroid gland hormones
• What is the Endocrine System Composed of?

  Ductless glands that secrete hormones into adjacent tissue
• What does the hypothalamus secrete?

  Inhibiting and releasing factors into the anterior pituitary gland
• Why is the Hypothalamus referred to as a true endocrine gland?


  It produces and releases its own hormones
• Label Endocrine Glands in the Body

  
• Examples of Hormones the hypothalamus produces (3)


  Gonadotropin releasing hormone

  Growth hormone

  Dopamine
• Hormone Function


  Change the cells function by altering the type, activity, and amount of hormones produced
• How Hormones alter the type of cell


  Changing the shape or structure of an enzyme so that it is 'on' or 'off'.
• How Hormones alter the activity of a cell

  Activates genes for a particular enzyme or structural protein produced.
• How hormones alter the amount of proteins produced in a cell


  Changing the rate of enzyme production or structure protein via changing the rate of transcription or translation.
• What is the concept behind hormone receptors binding with specific molecules?


  Lock & key model (lock = receptor protein, key = hormone)
• What happens when all hormone receptors are occupied?


  Saturation occurs and it won't produce a greater effect
• How do different cells vary in the number of hormone receptors?


  Due to the sensitivities of cells to hormones and other substances
• Non Steroidal/Protein/Amine Hormones


  · Water soluble (can't pass through cell membrane).

  · Acts through lock & key method

  · Receptor saturation can occur
• Steroidal Hormones


  Lipid soluble (can pass through cell membrane).
• Examples of Steroidal Hormones (4)


  oestrogen, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone
• What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland do together?


  Together, they regulate a number of homeostatic processes (metabolic activity, sexual cycles, gas concentrations in the blood and many more).
• How do water soluble hormones affect the functioning of a cell

  enzymes adjust chemical activity of the cell which speed up or slow down chemical reaction