Plant and Animal systems and their functions 1

• Reproduction in Plants

  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Development in Plants

  • The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm
• Reproduction in Animals

  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Development in Animals

  • Gametogenesis
  • Organogenesis
• The country has recently declared adolescent pregnancy as a national emergency. As adolescent mothers and fathers are compelled to prioritize pregnancy, early parenthood, and reproductive work, they are force to put their education on hold, which eventually prompt them to drop out of school.
• Pollinators


  • Pick up pollen while they sip a flower's nectar
  • Make excellent pollinators because most of their life is spent collecting pollen, a source of protein that they feed to their developing offspring
  • Help fertilize plants in the same way as any other pollinator—by transferring pollen (via their bills) from one flower to another as they flit between plants feeding on nectar
• Flowers


  • Contain the plant's reproductive structures
  • A typical flower has 4 main parts-or whorls-known as the calyx, corolla and androecium and gynoecium
• Androecium


  The sum of all the male reproductive organs
• Gynoecium


  The sum of the female reproductive organs
• Gymnosperm life cycle


  • Characterized by alternation of generations
  • The green leafy part of the plant is sporophyte, and the cones contain the male and female gametophytes
• Asexual Reproduction


  Produces plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant because no mixing of male and female gametes takes place
• Male Gametophyte (The Pollen Grain)


  • The microsporangia, which are usually bi-lobed, are pollen sacs in which the microspores develop into pollen grains
  • These are found in the anther, which is at the end of the stamen—the long filament that supports the anther
• Heterosporous


  Bears both sex organs AND produce two diverse sorts of spores
• Pollination


  The process of transfer of male gametes (pollen grains) in plants from the male reproductive part (anther) to the female reproductive part (stigma)
• Fertilization


  The process of fusion of haploid male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote, resulting in the initiation of the development of a new individual
• Hermaphroditism


  An organism that is a chimera of two sets of genes, male and female, that are expressed in different parts of the body
• Gynandromorph


  A hermaphrodite that is specifically an organism that is a chimera of two sets of genes, male and female, that are expressed in different parts of the body
• Chimera


  A single organism that's made up of cells from two or more "individuals"—that is, it contains two sets of DNA, with the code to make two separate organisms
• Asexual Reproduction


  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Parthenogenesis
• Gametogenesis


  The process of formation of gametes
• Fertilization


  The union of two haploid gametes, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, to restore the diploid state, form a zygote through the process of egg activation, and commence a series of mitotic divisions that results in cell differentiation and embryo development
• Cleavage


  A series of mitoses that give rise to a multicellular blastula, which could be solid or hollow
• Gastrulation


  Cells in the embryo undergo cellular morphogenetic movements that result in a multicellular gastrula with primitive germ layers
• Diploblastic animals


  Have an outer ectoderm and an inner endoderm
• Triploblastic animals


  Have three germ layers, which include a middle layer called the mesoderm
• Organogenesis


  The primitive germ layers differentiate into distinct organs and organ systems of the animal
• Growth


  The increase in size of the animal before it tapers and reaches senescence
• Fertilization


  The process of the female egg being joined with the male sperm
• Blastula


  A hollow ball of cells
• Asexual Reproduction


  When one parent can produce offspring
• Pollination


  The process of pollen being transferred between plants by wind or insects
• Pistil


  The scientific name for the female organ of a flower
• Development is important for both plants and animals
• In asexual reproduction, there is no fusion of male and female gametes
• An animal, or other life form, that reproduces asexually makes an exact genetic replica of itself
• Parthenogenesis enables females to produce live offspring in nature in the absence of males
• Sexual reproduction increases the genetic variation in animal, fungi, plant and protist populations
• The mesoderm gives rise to the blood, heart, kidney, muscles, and connective tissues