Respiratory System

• nasal cavity contains


  Pharynx extends to larynx and joins mouth
• Lower Respiratory System


  Trachea , larynx , mediastinum and divides into primary bronchi
• Walls of trachea


  Mucosa Layer - Pushes thung back up

  Submucos - connective tissue
• Adventia


  C-Shaped Cartilage Rings holds trachea down
• Bronchi Tree


  23 orders of branching

  Conducting & respiratory zone
• Respiratory Zone


  Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs. alveolar pores maintain pressure
• Surface Anatomy of lungs


  left lung - two lobes; superior / inferior separated by one oblique fisher

  Right lung - three lobes; superior, middle, inferior separated by horizontal and oblique fisher
• Parietal Pleura


  Outer layer of the pleural membrane; the attachment of the lung to the wall of the thoracic cavity
• Visceral Pleura


  The inner layer of the pleural membrane; the lung covering
• Pleural Cavity


  The small space between the visceral and parietal pleura. Lubricating fluid which is secreted by the membranes is found here
• Pleural Fluid


  Allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements
• Transpulmonary Pressure 


  Difference between visceral pleura & pleura membrane = 4mm
• Intrapulmonary Pressure


  Pressure between deep end of membrane and superficial = 0
• Intrapleural Pressure


  pressure between the thoracic wall and lung = -4mm or pleural cavity
• Pulmonary Ventilation


  Volume affect pressure
• Boyels Law


  Relationship between pressure and volume

  Volume decreases - pressure increases
• Walls of trachea

  mucosa layer - pushes things back up trachea

  Submucosa -layers of connective tissue

  Adventia - c-shaped cartilage rings that holds trachea patent
• carina


  sensitive nerves
• Respiratory Zone


  Respiratory Bronchioles - alveolar - alveolar sacs

  Alveolar Sacs - made up of type 1 alveolar cells

  Aofatin - correct function of lungs

  Alveolar Pores keeps pressure in lungs
• Parietal Pleura


  Outer layer of the pleural membrane; the attachment of the lung to the wall of the thoracic cavity
• Visceral Pleura


  The inner layer of the pleural membrane; the lung covering
• Pleural Cavity


  The small space between the visceral and parietal pleura. Lubricating fluid which is secreted by the membranes is found here
• Pleural Fluid


  Allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements
• Respiratory Pressure


  Atmospheric Pressure -760mm

  Intrapulmonary Pressure = 0

  Intrapleural Pressure = -4 in pleural cavity

  Transpulmonary = 4mm difference Pleural Cavity
• Pulmonary Ventilation


  volume affects pressure
• Boyels Law


  Relationship between pressure & volume

  Volume decreases - pressure increase
• Breathing Physiology


  External Intercostal pushes up, diaphragm pushes down - volume in thoracic cage increased pressure
• medulllary cavity


  Ventral & Dorsal
• Dorsal


  Responsible for inspiration of diaphragm
• Ventral


  Rythmicy of breathing
• Thorax 


  Made up sternum & ribs

  diaphragm is located below lungs & intercostal muscles
• Respiratory Function


  Centre - sends impulses to muscles of lungs, triggering inspiration & expiration

  Inspiration of intercostal muscles - diaphragm expires