PRELIMS

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek


  First made and used lenses to observe living microorganisms; coined the term "animalcules"
• Germ Theory of Disease


  Microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease
• Spontaneous Generation


  Microorganisms like the worms in rotting meat arose from non-living things
• John Needham


  Supported the theory of spontaneous generation, an idea that living organisms can develop from non-living matter
• John Tyndall


  Arranged sealed flasks of boiled infusion in an airtight box to disprove spontaneous generation; shown that air can be sterilized by "settling"
• Tyndallization


  Heating of substance to boiling point/just below the boiling point for 15 minutes
• Louis Pasteur


  Known for his "swan-necked" flasks; successfully prepared rabies vaccine
• Pasteurization


  Process in which packaged and non-packaged foods are treated with mild heat to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life
• Girolamo Fracastro


  Advocated that certain diseases might be caused by virtue of invisible organisms transmitted from one subject to another
• Plenciz


  Stated that living microbes are the ultimate cause of disease but aired his views that different germs were responsible for different ailments
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis


  Pioneered the usage of antiseptics specifically in the obstetrical practices
• Joseph Lister


  Father of Antiseptic Surgery; initiated the use of dilute carbolic acid on bandages and instruments to reduce infection
• Robert Koch


  Found a way to grow bacteria in pure cultures
• Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato


  Devised the unique technique of producing immunity to infections caused by C. diptheriae by injecting the toxins into healthy animals
• Elie Metchnikoff


  First described the process of phagocytosis
• Paul Ehrlich


  Father of Chemotherapy
• Hans Christian Gram


  Invented a procedure for differential staining of microorganisms (Gram stain)
• Laschenkov and Alexander Fleming


  Isolated the enzyme lysozyme of inhibiting a relatively larger segment of microorganisms
• Alexander Fleming


  Discovered penicillin through serendipity
• Norman Heatley, Howard Walter Florey, and Ernst Boris Chain


  Isolated and purified penicillin
• Bacteria


  Single-celled organisms with spherical, rod, or spiral shapes
• Edward Jenner


  Invented vaccine against small pox
• Variolation


  First method used to immunize an individual against small pox, with material taken from a patient in the hope that a mild, but protective infection would result
• Edwin Klebs and Frederick Loeffler


  Discovered the diptheria bacillus and showed that it produces its toxins in a flask
• Microbiology


  Study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms
• Roger Bacon


  First ever postulated that a disease is caused by invisible living creatures
• Athanasius Kircher


  Made reference of "worms" that are invisible to the naked eye and found in decaying meat
• Bright-field microscope


  Consists of two series of lenses which function together to resolve the image
• Phase contrast microscope


  Developed to improve contrast differences between cells and the surrounding medium
• Dark-field microscope


  Lighting system has been modified to reach the specimen from the sides
• Growth


  Orderly increase in the sum of all the components of an organism
• Lazaro Spallanzani


  Boiled broth infusions containing organic matter and sealed the flasks to demonstrate that no organism would develop spontaneously in them
• Franz Schulze and Theodor Schwann


  Justified the earlier findings of Spallanzani by allowing air to pass through strong acid solutions
• H. Schröder and T. von Dusch


  Passed air via cotton fibers to prevent bacterial growth
• Prokaryotes


  Lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed structures
• Eukaryotes


  Have such structures
• Fungi


  Single-celled microscopic organisms
• Viruses


  Acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope
• Protozoa


  Single-celled, microscopic organisms with at least one nucleus and numerous intracellular structures
• Fluoreszence Microscope


  Used to visualize specimens that fluoresce