Oral comm

• Speech Context


  The situation that brings people together in the communication process
• Types of Speech Context

  • Intrapersonal Communication
  • Interpersonal Communication
  • Public Communication
  • Mass Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication


  Communication takes place within oneself, in the form of thinking, analyzing, dreaming, evaluating, contemplating, meditating, or reflecting
• Interpersonal Communication


  Communication between two or more people
• Dynamics of Interpersonal Communication

  • Dyad (Dyadic Communication) - Communication between two people
  • Small-Group Discussion - Communication among three or more people with the same objectives and purposes
• Importance of Interpersonal skills

  • Helpful in workplace where we need to interact with different types of people
  • Important in maintaining good relationship within family and friends
  • Also known as life skills
• Principles of Listening


  • Stop talking
  • Prepare yourself to listen
  • Put the speaker at ease
  • Remove distractions
  • Emphatise
  • Be patient
  • Listen to the tone
  • Listen for ideas-not just words
  • Watch for Non-verbal Communication
• Public Communication


  Communication involves a large group of the audience which usually follows the linear model of communication
• Mass Communication


  Mediated-public communication that reaches a much larger and farther audience
• Speech Act Theory


  Proposed by John Langshaw Austin in 1962 and further developed by John Rogers Searle in 1969, concerned with what the speaker means—which is his or her intention—when he or she says something rather than what the utterance literally means in a language
• Categories of Speech Act Theory

  • Locution - actual words of the speaker
  • Illocution - intention or social function of what is said
  • Perlocution - resulting act of what is said
• Locution, Illocution, Perlocution


  • "I want to buy foods but it's raining outside" - the speaker wishes the hearer to let her borrow an umbrella, the hearer may or may not allow the speaker to borrow an umbrella
  • "I am hungry" - the speaker wants the hearer to share food with him/her, the speaker may or may not share food with him/her
• Categories of Illocutionary Act

  • Expressives - express a speaker's emotions and attitudes toward a particular situation
  • Declarations - speech acts that, upon being uttered, immediately bring about a change in the situation
  • Assertives - convey information regarding something
  • Directives - cause the individual being addressed to do a particular action
  • Commissives - commit the speaker to doing a particular action in the future
• Illocutionary Act Categories


  • Expressives - "All the best on your upcoming movie"
  • Declarations - "Classes are suspended tomorrow"
  • Assertives - "Female senators are better than male senators"
  • Directives - "Solve this equation"
  • Commissives - "I will finish this project tonight"
• Speech Styles


  Also called language registers, identified by Dutch linguist Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks
• Types of Speech Styles

  • Intimate
  • Casual
  • Consultative
  • Formal
  • Frozen
• Intimate Style


  Private style used within close family members or close friends, including certain terms of endearment and expressions whose meaning is shared with a small group of people
• Casual Style


  Common among peers and friends, using jargon, slang, street language, and gay language in a more friendly tone
• Consultative Style


  Standard style of speech, using professional or mutually acceptable language
• Formal Style


  Used in speaking to medium to large groups, presented in complete sentences
• Frozen Style


  Generally used in very formal settings, with fixed language, more often seen in writing than in speaking
• Communication Strategies


  A plan of action or technique that a communicator uses to help make the communication process successful
• Types of Communication Strategies

  • Nomination
  • Restriction
  • Turn-taking
  • Topic Control
  • Topic Shifting
  • Repair
  • Termination
• Audience Analysis


  Research on the target audience's profile, including age, gender ratio, address, venue, educational background, religious affiliations, etc., to tailor-fit the speech content and delivery
• Strategies for Speech Introduction

  • Use a real-life experience and connect it to the subject
  • Use practical examples and explain their connection to the subject
  • Start with a familiar or strong quote and explain what it means
  • Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to the subject
  • Tell a personal story to illustrate the point
• Speech Body


  • Provides explanations, examples, or details to deliver the purpose and explain the main idea, with only one central idea
• Speech Conclusion


  • Restates the main idea, provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action, with the goal of leaving the audience with a memorable statement
• Strategies for Speech Conclusion

  • Begin with a restatement of the message
  • Use positive examples, encouraging words, or memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to the audience
  • Ask a question or series of questions that can make the audience reflect or ponder
• Components of Voice Modulation

  • Volume or loudness
  • Rate or speed
  • Pitch
  • Duration
• Stage Presence


  • Connecting with the audience in a way that makes them want to watch and listen to the speaker, establishing a connection
• Elements of Stage Presence

  • Posture
  • Poise
  • Eye contact
  • Facial expressions
  • Gestures
  • Movements
  • Audience rapport
• Types of Speech Delivery

  • Impromptu
  • Manuscript
  • Memorized
  • Extemporaneous
• Important Key Terms


  • Call-to-action
  • Metaphor
  • Straying
  • Tailor
  • Jargon
  • Complex
  • Refine
  • Enthusiasm
  • Apathy
  • Nostalgia
  • Outrage
• Frozen style


  Highly formulaic and ritualistic language used in situations such as religious ceremonies or legal oaths
• Formal style


  Used in serious or official situations, characterized by careful choice of words and adherence to grammatical rules
• Consultative style


  Used in situations where two or more people are working together to achieve a common goal, characterized by a more conversational tone and the use of questions
• Casual style


  Used in informal social situations, characterized by the use of slang, contractions, and incomplete sentences
• Intimate style


  Used in very personal and private situations, characterized by the use of endearments, shared experiences, and nonverbal cues