Kinesiology

• kinesiology is the scientific study of human body movement.
• the 8 core competencies of kinesiology are

  1. human anatomy 2. physiology 3. biomechanics 4. pscychomotor behaviour 5. research design 6. statistics 7. exercise programs 8. fitness evaluation
• the 4 types of body tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
• nervous tissues makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• epithelial tissue makes lining of the gi tract organs, and the skin
• muscle tissue makes up cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle
• connective tissue makes up fat and other soft padding, bones, and tendons
• anatomical reference position is when the body is standing upright, with the feet shoulder width apart, and parallel and the toes forwards. the upper limbs are held out to each side and the palms of the hands face forwards.
• the sagittal plane runs along the transverse axis
• the frontal plane runs along the sagittal axis
• the transverse plane runs along the longitudinal axis
• body movements occur at joints, and result from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the joint (articulation). there are 4 categories of body movements: linear movements, angular movements, rotations, "special" movements
• the linear movements are protraction & retraction and depression & elevation
• the angular movements are flexion & extension, abduction & adduction, and circumduction
• the special movements are pronation & supination, dorsiflexion & plantarflexion, inversion & eversion, and opposition & reposition
• bones (osseous tissue) are hard connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton
• the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a minerals like calcium and phosphorus
• the red marrow of the bone is the site for hematopoiesis
• the yellow marrow of the bone stores fat
• Long Bones: Longer than they are wide; strength and mobility, provide leverage; femur, ulna, humerus 
• Short bones: cuboid shape; structure and stability, provide small motion; carpals, tarsals 
• Flat bone: flat, thin and wide, protection, cranium, sternum, scapula 
• Irregular bones: irregular shape, complex; site for deep muscle attachments for many muscles; pelvis, vertebrate, sacrum, facial bones 
• Sesamoid bone: embedded in tendons, small/round; provides leverage and protection; patella, pisiform
• the 5 types of classifications of bones are long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• Diaphysis: long, thin, portion of the bone where mechanical leverage comes from 
• Epiphysis: thick end portion of the bone. Articulate cartilage allows for movement and blood cell storage and production
• Metaphysis: growth plates and mineral deposits 
• Periosteum: membrane around the bone that supplies blood nutrients and nerves
• tendons attach bone to muscle
• ligaments attach bone to bone
• 3 types of joints are synarthrosis (immoblie) amphiarthrosis (slighly mobile) and diarthrosis (freely movemable, synovial)
• Articular capsule: contains content of synovial capsule/ joint; superficial covering 
• Articular cartilage: cushioning layer at end of bone and reduce friction between the bones 
• Synovial membrane+ fluid: shock absorber and helps lubricate the joint 
• Articular disc: shock absorption and guiding movement or tracking of the joint 
• Bursae: lubricate the joint 
• the 6 types of synovial joints are pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-in-socket
• In ranking from least to most mobility: Gliding/plane, pivot joint, hinge joint, saddle joint, condyloid joint, ball in socket joint 
• Pivot: uniaxial, rotation. C1 and C2 vertebrate