Bonding, structure and the properties of matter

• The regular structure found in ionic compounds is a called a giant lattice.
• The latent heat of fusion is the energy needed to melt a solid.
• Ionic compounds are when metals bound with non metals.
• Ionic structures are arranged in a lattice of repeating positive and negative ions. These form a crystal.
• Ionic substances have high melting and boiling points due to strong ionic hinds and strong electrostatic forces between them.
• Ionic structures can only conduct electricity when molten it in a solution, as ions are free to move.
• Non metals bond in covalent bonds.
• In ionic bonding, particles are oppositely charged ions
• In metallic bonding the particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons
• Ionic bonding occurs in compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals
• Metallic bonding occurs in metallic elements and alloys
• Limitations of the three states of matter model include that there are no forces, all particles are represented as spheres and that the spheres are solid
• The limitations of the particle theory is that particles are represented by solid inelastic spheres which have no forces between them
• Polymers are large molecules linked by covalent bonds. Solids at room temperature.
• Giant covalent structures include diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide (silica)
• In pure metals, atoms are arranged in layers allowing them to be bent and shaped. They are too soft for many uses.
• In diamond, each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds.
• In graphite, each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds, forming layers of hexagonal rings.
• In graphite, one electron from each carbon atom is delocalised.
• Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes with high length to diameter ratios.
• Nanoparticles have diameters between 100 and 2500nm
• As the side of a cube decreases by a factor of 10, the surface area to volume ratio increases by a factor of 10
• Two substances made from the same element, in the same physical state but have different structures are called allotropes.