Criminological theories informing policy development

• What’s an individualistic theory informing policy development?

  behaviour modification
• What is behaviour modification ?

  .extinguish undesirable behaviour and promote desirable behaviour
• whats an example of behaviour modification?

  .token economy system
• What’s a token economy system?

  this is where good behaviour is rewarded with a token which can be exchanged for a treat
• What is the name for the prisoners reward scheme?

  incentives and earned privileges scheme
• Is token economy effective?

  hobbs and holt found that token economy is effective for a short amount of time with young offenders however improvements tend to not generalise beyond the institution
• What’s a biological theory informing policy development?

  .death penalty
• When was the temporarily abolishment of the death penalty?

  1965
• Why was the death penalty full abolished in 1969?

  the temporarily abolishKent showed that the murder rate did not drastically increase
• Does the death penalTy work? (Statistic)

  In 2015 the murder rate was 25% higher in death penalty states then non death penalty states
• What does research sugges in regards to the death penalty?

  That the death penalty does not work as a deterrent and most people kill in the heat if the moment. They are unlikely to make rational decisions and be put off by future consequences eg death penalty
• What’s an example of a sociological theory enforcing policy development?

  Zero tolerance
• What is zero tolerance?

  it Started in New York and the policy demands all crimes are dealt with no matter how trivial
• How did the New York police introduce zero policy?

  They used computers to analyse crime hot spots street by street and crime by crime
• What is zero tolerance policy based on?

  the broken window theory by kelling and Wilson
• What’s broken window theory?

  Outlines the link between disorder and crime for example an area with visible signs of decay such as graffiti and broken glass must be sorted to prevent further crime occurring
• Does zero tolerance work? (Statistic)


  In New York since 1993 major crime fell by 39% and murder fell by 49%
• What’s a criticism of zero tolerance?

  .police can be too heavy handed and aggressive with policing