Henry VII - Foreign Policy

• What were Henry VII's aims in Foreign Policy?

  - maintaining good relations and defence to ensure national security

  - recognition of the Tudor Dynasty

  - protect English trading interests.

  - Wanted to avoid another Hundred Year War.
• What was Henry VII not interested in regarding his foreign policy?

  - asserting England as a power in Europe
• Which truce happened in 1488?

  - the Anglo-French Truce
• What happened in 1487?

  - French invasion of Brittany by Charles III
• What Treaty occurred in 1489?

  - Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany
• What was the Treaty of Redon?

  - Agreed that Anne would pay for a small English army (6000 troops) to defend Brittany from French threat
• Why did Henry VII feel strongly towards Brittany?

  - Felt a sense of obligation towards the Bretons as he had been exiled there in his youth.

  - Feared direct French control of Brittany would pose a greater threat to England.
• What consequences of the Treaty of Redon did Henry fear and what did he do to combat this?

  - worried his support for Brittany would anger the French

  - Henry needed allies against French power - Treaty Medina del Campo signed with Spain
• What Treaty was also signed in 1489 regarding Spain?


  Treaty of Medina del Campo
• What were the Medina del campo terms?

  - Agreed neither side would harbour rebels or pretenders.

  - Both states would help each other to defend themselves.

  - Customs duties would be reduced.

  - Neither side would sign any Treaty with the French without the agreement of the other.

  - Marriage negotiations would take place between Arthur and Catherine.
• What did the treaty of Medina del Campo achieve?

  - Treaty gained security (an ally and prevention of Spain as a Yorkist stronghold) and financial gain.
• What marriage happened in 1491?

  - 1491- Anne of Brittany marries Charles VIII
• What were the effects of Anne of Brittany marrying Charles VIII?


  - Leaves English troops stranded and Henry VII looking weak.
• What did Henry do with troops stranded after marriage?


  - He invaded France (Boulogne) in the October of 1492 with a limited number of troops (having raised money by parliament)

  - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492. He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles
• What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples?

  - Charles agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745,000 crowns

  - promised not to support pretenders
• How did Henry VII secure the money to invade France?

  - through parliament and extraordinary revenue
• On which two occasions did Henry VII raise revenue through extraordinary measures for war?

  - 1 - The Breton Crisis

  - 2 - War with Scotland
• What did Henry achieve by invading Boulogne in 1492?

  - peace

  - improved financial position

  - security against pretenders
• How did he demonstrate to France he did not want a drawn out battle?

  - invaded late on in the year, winter was harder to fight in.

  - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492.
• What was the Treaty of Etaples?

  - 1492

  - He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns, and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles

  - This achieved peace, improved financial positions and security against pretenders.
• Where did Henry's power extent to in Ireland?

  - The Pale district
• Who was the dominant figure in Ireland?

  - Earl of Kildare
• Why was the earl of Kildare feared by Henry?

  - he had Yorkist sympathies
• How was the fear of Kildare's Yorkist sympathies supported?

  - When he crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supporting Perkin Warbeck in 1491.
• What did Kildare's actions of supporting pretenders force Henry to do?

  - instead of relying on the established aristocracy who were cheap and unreliable, he attempted the more costly approach of rile through an Englishman

  
  

  - appointed Henry VIII as Luitenant of Ireland and Poynings as his deputy
• What happened in 1496 in Ireland?


  - Kildare decided that there was no benefit in supporting Yorkists anymore, so decided to be loyal to Henry
• What happened in 1493?


  - England establishes a trade embargo with Burgundy
• Who is Margaret of Burgundy?


  - Widowed duchess of Burgundy and sister to Richard III and Edward IV.
• Why was trade embargo with Burgundy established?

  - Margaret of Burgundy was a strong supporter of Warbeck (gave him 2,000 mercenaries to aid his battle against English)
• What were the negative effects of trade embargo?

  - Most of England's exports go through ports in the Netherlands (Antwerp, Bruges) which are under Burgundy's jurisdiction.

  - Therefore establishing a trade embargo with Burgundy sacrifices the commercial success of London and east coast merchants making him v unpopular.
• How is the Burgundy crisis dealt with?

  - Relations improved after Warbeck leaves burgundy- agree to Magnus Intercursus in 1496

  - Henry loses popularity but gains strength due without completely sacrificing the English economy.
• What was the Intercursus Magnus?

  - 1496

  - ended trade embargo
• What does Scotland do to antagonise England?

  - 1496- Scotland invades England

  - King James IV came of age and offered hospitality to Warbeck

  - Warbeck stayed in court for 2 years and married the king's cousin, making him more legitimate.

  James encouraged Warbeck to take an army to England.
• Why was the intercursus magnus signed?

  - Margaret of Burgundy's influence faded (she was threatened with the removal of her dowager lands if she did not stop supporting English rebels)

  -r ealised that this embargo was helping nobody

  - Phillip of Burgundy was keen to secure English help against France
• When did Scotland invade England?

  - 1496.
• Who did Warbeck marry to become more legitimate?

  - married the king's cousin Lady Catherine Gordon
• How did Henry respond to Scottish antagonism?

  - With a larger army to invade Scotland.

  In the interests of both England and Scotland to secure a truce (England can't risk an Auld alliance and war on two fronts)

  
  

  - 1497- Truce of Ayton between England and Scotland
• What was the Truce of Ayton?

  - 1497

  - Relations improve

  - James IV no longer has any use of Warbeck and he is executed in 1499
• When was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

  - 1502
• What did the treaty of perpetual peace mean?

  - James should marry Henry's daughter Margaret