C.4: cirruculum Developemt

• Linear Models of Curriculum

  • Tyler's Rational Linear Model
  • Taba's Grassroots Rational Model
  • Standard-based Curriculum Development Model
  • Understanding by Design Model (UDB)
  • Systematic Design Model
  • Murray Print Model for Curriculum Development
• Tyler's Rational Linear Model


  Prescribes a rational step by step procedure for curriculum development starting with objectives
• Taba's Grassroots Rational Model


  Modified version of Tyler's model
• Standard-based Curriculum Development Model

  Intended for developing curriculum standards for any discipline from basic education to higher education
• Understanding by Design Model (UDB)


  Also called "backward design", puts emphasis on starting with the goals and objectives in designing curriculum to engage students in exploring and deepening curriculum of important ideas and the design of assessment
• Systematic Design Model


  Presents a systematic and linear view of curriculum, helps the curriculum workers to visualize the entire curriculum development process, acknowledges some curriculum influences and sources, allows the workers to design for the production and implementation of the curriculum
• Murray Print Model for Curriculum Development

  Prescribes a sequential and logical approach to curriculum development to provide a useful and easy to understand process in developing curriculum
• Curriculum Sources


  • Society
  • Subject Matter
  • Learners
• Taba's Grassroots Rational Model


  Argued that curriculum development should follow a sequential and logical process
• Standard-based Curriculum Development Model

  Developed by Allan Glatthorn
• Understanding by Design Model (UDB)

  Developed by Wiggins and McTighe(2002)
• Systematic Design Model


  Originally developed by Robert Diamond in the early 1960s
• Print(1993) and Doll(1992) considered curriculum development as a decision making process, emphasizing for faculty members to conduct researches as a basis for making curricular decisions
• Murray Print Model for Curriculum Development


  Developed and published by Murray Print in 1968
• Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development

  • Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development
  • Wheeler's Curriculum Development Model
  • The Contextual Filters Model of Course Planning
• Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development

  An example of cyclical model, emphasizes the cyclical nature of curriculum development, curriculum development is a continuous process, involves continuous improvement
• Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development

  1. Situational Analysis

  2. Selection of Objectives

  3. Selection and Organization of Content

  4. Selection and Organization of Methods

  5. Evaluation
• Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development is highly prescriptive and dynamic
• Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development recognizes the influence and importance of contributing disciplines such as philosophy, psychology and sociology in developing the curriculum
• Wheeler's Curriculum Development Model
• Linear Models of Curriculum


  Prescribes a rational step by step procedure for curriculum development starting with objectives
• Linear Models of Curriculum

  • Tyler's Rational Linear Model
  • Taba's Grassroots Rational Model
  • Standard-based Curriculum Development Model
  • Understanding by Design Model (UDB)
  • Systematic Design Model
  • Murray Print Model for Curriculum Development
• Tyler's Rational Linear Model


  • Presented in his (Ralph Tyler) book of principles of Curriculum and Instruction published in 1949
  • Argued that curriculum development should be logical and systematic
• Curriculum Sources


  • Society
  • Subject Matter
  • Learners
• Taba's Grassroots Rational Model


  • Modified version of Tyler's model
  • Presented in her book "Curriculum Development: theory and Practice in 1962"
  • Argued that curriculum development should follow a sequential and logical process
• Standard-based Curriculum Development Model


  • Intended for developing curriculum standards for any discipline from basic education to higher education
  • Developed by Allan Glatthorn
• Understanding by Design Model (UDB)


  • Developed by Wiggins and McTighe(2002)
  • Also called "backward design" for putting emphasis on starting with the goals and objectives in designing curriculum to engage students in exploring and deepening curriculum of important ideas and the design of assessment
• Systematic Design Model


  • Originally developed by Robert Diamond in the early 1960s
  • Presents a systematic and linear view of curriculum
  • Helps the curriculum workers to visualize the entire curriculum development process
• Print(1993) and Doll(1992)


  Considered curriculum development as a decision making process, emphasizing for faculty members to conduct researches as a basis for making curricular decisions
• Murray Print Model for Curriculum Development


  • Developed and published by Murray Print in 1968
  • Prescribes a sequential and logical approach to curriculum development to provide a useful and easy to understand process in developing curriculum
• Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development


  • Prescribed a cyclical or continuous process of curriculum development
  • Usually starts with situational analysis that serves as the basis for all the succeeding process
• Cyclical Models of Curriculum Development

  • Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development
  • Wheeler's Curriculum Development Model
  • The Contextual Filters Model of Course Planning
• Audrey Nicholls and Howard Nicholls Model for Curriculum Development


  • An example of cyclical model developed by Audrey and Howard Nicholls(1978)
  • Emphasizes the cyclical nature of curriculum development
  • Advocates a curriculum development activity that involves continuous improvement
• Wheeler's Curriculum Development Model


  • Rational in nature and each phase is logical development of the preceding one
  • One cannot proceed to the next phase unless the preceding phase is done
  • Emphasizes the importance of starting from the development of aims, goals and objectives
  • Presented a cyclical process in which each element of the curriculum is related and interdependent
• The Contextual Filters Model of Course Planning


  • Developed by Stark Lowther, Bently, Ryan, Martens, Wren, and Shaw in 1990
  • Contextual refers to the influence outside of the instructors immediate control the cause adjustment in the course plans such as student characteristics or instructional Resources
• Dynamic Model of Curriculum


  Described how the curriculum workers develop curricula in various educational context
• Dynamic Model of Curriculum

  • Walker's Model of Curriculum Development
  • Skilbeck's Curriculum Development Model
  • Eisner's Artistic approach in Curriculum Development
  • Pawilen's Model of Developing Curriculum
• Walker's Model of Curriculum Development


  • Developed by Docker Walker(1971)
  • Walker was particularly interested on how curriculum workers actually do their task in curriculum development
• Skilbeck's Curriculum Development Model


  • Developed in 1976
  • Claims that SBCD (school-based curriculum development) to work effectively five steps are required in the curriculum process
• Eisner's Artistic approach in Curriculum Development


  Elliot W. Eisner presented in his book 'The Educational Imagination' on how curriculum development should be done