Ireland 3

• Context sentence (1)

  WWI led to an increase in tensions between Britain and nationalists when the British government implemented the Government of Ireland act (1920), creating two governments, one in Belfast, and one in Dublin
• Context sentence (2)

  This reparation polarised the country, increasing tensions, and by 1921, relations were soured and violence would become a prominent part of Ireland
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) F (1)

  Sinn Fein took the early recision that they would not recognise British authority in Ireland and would not take their seats in parliament during the 1918 election. Instead, Sinn Féin's MPs met on the 21st of January 1919 in Dublin to set up their own parliament of the Irish Republic (Dail Eirann)
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) A (1)

  Sinn Féin's rejection of British authority proved to be a clear obstacle to peace as Sinn Fein authenticated and verified that they would not comply with Britain - the establishment of the Dail probed that fundamentally, there would be obstacles to peace due to conflicting views
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) F (2)

  The new rebel parliament was backed up by IRA volunteers.
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) A (2)

  The involvement of a paramilitary group highlighted that there would be obstacles to peace due to the possible implication of violence
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) A+

  The British government's refusal to recognise the legitimacy of the Dail and its continued presence in Ireland through military and political means exacerbated tensions - it was British actions which prolonged conflict
• Role of the Dail (Declaration of Independence) E

  British actions and reactions to the establishment of the Dail can be seen as a clear obstacle to peace. However, they would not have such reactions if the Dail was not established. The establishment of the Dail set the basis and backbone to British defiance and use of violence, preventing peace
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI F (1)

  Easter rising meant support for nationalist party and growth in support for Sinn Fein - membership reached 112,000, and in the 1918 GE, Sinn Fein won 73 seats, compared to none in 1910
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI A (1)

  The outcome of the GE created further tensions as Britain held opposing views towards the devolution / independence of Ireland
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI F (2)

  The IRA was prepared to wage an armed struggle against Britain, especially after Bloody Sunday on the 21st November 1920, where RIC members fired into a crows at a Gaelic football match, killing 12 people.
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI A (2)

  This is a clear obstacle to peace, as differing views and growing tensions had led to violence - this violence was a clear expression of Britain's non-compliance and objection to peace based on Irish terms
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI A+

  Even after Sinn Feins success in the 1918 GE, of Sinn Féin's MPs, 34 were in prison, and the rest were ill or absent when they held their first meeting in January 1919 - shows that Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI cannot be seen as a significantly serious obstacle to peace - although they had support, they lacked numbers, making them seem less threatening
• Irish attitudes to British rule after WWI E

  The establishment of the Dail represented a formal rejection to British rule, and a direct challenge to British sovereignty which escalated tensions. It was the declaration of the Dail which emboldened Irish republican groups after Easter rising
• Position of Ulster Unionists F (1)

  The establishment of the Dail further hardened attitudes against the proposals for a united Irish Republic. Ulster Unionists won an extra 10 seats in the 1918 GE, and now had 26 seats in Westminster
• Position of Ulster Unionists A (1)

  They were clearly the most dominant party, reflecting the strong support for unionism in the province - this made partition increasingly likely, causing tensions within Ireland due to conflicting views, contributing to the avoidance of peace
• Position of Ulster Unionists F (2)

  Ulster Unionists' opposition to Irish independence contributed to the escalation and permeance of violence during the Anglo-Irish War, 1919-1921
• Position of Ulster Unionists A (2)

  Their resistance to nationalist views and support for British military intervention prolonged the conflict and hindered efforts to reach a peaceful resolution
• Position of Ulster Unionists A+

  If it weren't for WWI itself, there wouldn't have been a need for Ulster Unionists to exacerbate their violent means to resist the viewpoint of nationalists
• Position of Ulster Unionists E

  Before the Anglo-Irish war and WWI, the majority of Irish people favoured home rule - it was the aftermath of WWI which led to increasing republican viewpoints (Sinn Fein wins 74 of Ireland's 105 seats in 1918 GE), forcing ulster unionists to use violence as a means of opposition. The declaration of the Dail entrenched the divisions felt between ulster unionists and Southern Ireland, making it challenging to find a solution and peace agreement
• Policies and actions of the British Government F (1)

  the British Government persisted in its refusal to engage with nationalist leaders on equal terms. Instead of addressing the grievances of the Irish people, the British Government implemented repressive measures to suppress dissent - including the deployment of military forces and the use of violence through the deployment of the black and tans and other paramilitary forces - 20th September 1920, Sack of Balbriggan - set fire to factories and houses, murdering civilians
• Policies and actions of the British Government A (1)

  British use of violence can be seen as a clear and obvious obstacle to peace
• Policies and actions of the British Government F (2)

  December 1920, British authorities declared martial law in Southern Ireland, and the centre of Cork city was burnt by British forces in reprisal for an ambush
• Policies and actions of the British Government A (2)

  Martial law hindered political negotiation by silencing dissenting voices and suppressing nationalist movement sin the south. The suspension of political activities and targeting of leader fundamentally limited opportunities for peaceful resolution
• Policies and actions of the British Government A+

  British government actions were actually trying to instil peace within Ireland - the government of Ireland Act 1920 can be viewed as an attempt to address the demands for Irish self-government by establishing two separate home rule parliaments for the north and the south - the act represented an effort by the British government to address Irish political aspirations
• Policies and actions of the British Government E

  If it wasn't for the declaration of the Dail, the British government wouldn't have had to use violent tactics to control Irish advocation for independence - which directly challenged British sovereignty
• IRA tactics and policies F (1)

  From the beginning on 1919 IRA under leadership of Michael Collins launched a campaign to murder and harass police and British soldiers. The IRA declared that a 'state of war' existed between Ireland and Britain. They argued that their actions should not be treated as acts of terrorism, but legitimate acts of war
• IRA tactics and policies A (1)

  Legitimising the use of violence by insinuating that they were at war with the British shows that IRA tactics and actions an be seen as obstacles to peace
• IRA tactics and policies F (2)

  'Bloody Sunday' November 1920 - IRA struck ay British intelligence network, killing a dozen people
• IRA tactics and policies A (2)

  The escalation of violence, including reprisal attacks and counter-insurgency measures on British forces further entrenches divisions, and made achieving peace more difficult
• IRA tactics and policies A+

  The IRA were fairly small - around 15,000 effectives. British soldiers and military had better weapons and larger numbers, making IRA actions less threatening
• IRA tactics and policies E

  Without the establishment of the Dail, the IRA would not have been emboldened in the way it was - it was the declaration of the Dail which contributed to the escalation of conflict between Irish nationalists and British forces