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• Conducting research is indeed very challenging; you need to undergo processes and adhere to ethical Data Analysis
• Data Analysis


  A process of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusions about the research problem or research questions
• Analyzing data


  1. Coding

  2. Collating
• Coding


  The act of using symbols like letters or words to represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions, opinions, attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of the data
• Collating


  The way of bringing together the coded data
• Qualitative Data Analysis


  The range of processes and procedures used from qualitative data that have been collected into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of the people's ideas, insights, experiences, perceptions and situation which are put under investigation
• Qualitative data analysis is usually based on interpretative philosophy
• Approaches in Qualitative Data Analysis

  • Deductive Approach
  • Inductive Approach
• Deductive Approach


  • An effective approach used in research when the research questions need to group the data and then look for similarities and differences
  • Relevant when time and resources are limited
  • Applied when qualitative research is a smaller component of a larger quantitative study
• Inductive Approach


  • An effective approach used when qualitative research is a major design of the inquiry
  • Highlights the use of emergent framework to group the data and then look for relationships
• Principles of Qualitative Data Analysis


  • People differ in their experience and understanding of reality
  • A social phenomenon cannot be understood outside its own context
  • Qualitative research can be used to describe phenomenon or generate theory grounded on data
  • Understanding human behavior emerges slowly and non-linearly
  • Exceptional cases may yield insights into a problem or new idea for further inquiry
• Types of Qualitative Analysis


  • Content Analysis
  • Narrative Analysis
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Framework Analysis
  • Grounded Theory
• Content Analysis


  The procedure for the categorization of verbal or behavioural data for the purpose of classification, summarization and tabulation
• Narrative Analysis


  Transcribed experiences, the core activity is to reformulate stories presented by people in different contexts and based on their different experiences
• Discourse Analysis


  A method used when analyzing a naturally occurring talk (spoken interaction) and all types of written texts, focusing on how people express themselves verbally in their everyday social life
• Framework Analysis


  Familiarization, Identifying a thematic framework, Coding, Charting, Mapping and interpretation
• Grounded Theory


  Starts with an examination of a single case, ideas, and responses from a 'pre-defined' population in order to formulate a general statement (concept or a hypothesis) about a population
• Strategies for Analyzing Observations

  • Chronology
  • Key events
  • Various settings
  • People
  • Process
  • Issues
• The Process or Steps of Qualitative Data Analysis

  1. Organize the data

  2. Identify framework

  3. Sort data into framework

  4. Use the framework for descriptive analysis

  5. Second order analysis
• In a qualitative research, you analyze or study data that reflect the respondents' thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or views about something
• Data analysis in a qualitative research is a rigorous act of a thematic or theoretical organization of ideas and information into a certain format that is capable of presenting groups of responses