patho exam 2 study guide

• what causes rigid abdomen in peritonitis?

  inflammation of the peritoneum causes abdominal muscles to stiffen
• what disorder results in mechanical bowel obstruction?

  adhesion, cancer/tumor, intussusception, hernia, volvulus (twisting)
• the cause of hiatal hernia

  obesity, pregnancy, pressure, heavy lifting, decreased muscle elasticity
• cause of diarrhea with antibiotic ingestion

  antibiotics are killing the good bacteria off quicker than they can reproduce which allows the bad bacteria to grow easier and can lead to C. diff
• diseases that cause H. pylori

  chronic gastritis, long term NSAIDS use, excessive alcohol abuse, severe stress, autoimmune disorders
• name inflammatory bowel disorders

  ulcerative colitis, crohns disease, diverticulitis
• ulcerative colitis

  -immune system disorder that causes inflammation of colon mucosa

  -ulcerations are continuous through out colon

  -S/S diarrhea with blood/pus, anemia, dehydration, hypokalemia, fecal urgency, abdominal pain

  -high calorie/ low fiber diet
• crohn's disease

  -chronic inflammatory disorder of the GI tract (mouth to anus)

  -immune related, immune response is large and uncontrolled which leads to destruction of cells in GI tract

  -ulcers extend all the way through the entire depth of the intestinal wall and are scattered not continous

  -pain in right lower quadrant (ileum + colon)
• diverticulitis

  -diverticula (small pouch like protrusions form along the colon from increased pressure inside colon) become inflamed

  -bacteria and undigested food can get stuck in protrusions

  -can cause bowel obstruction and lead to peritonitis

  -S/S pain in lower left quadrant, painless hematochezia,
• cause of chronic pancreatitis

  -caused by irreversible changes to structures

  -alcohol abuse, trauma, tumors, cystic fibrosis

  -healthy tissue replaced by misshaped ducts and fibrosis and calcium deposits
• define intussusception

  -part of the intestine folds into the section next to it (telescoping)

  -results in obstruction, impaired blood flow and ischemia

  -S/S a sausage shaped mass that can be palpated in the RUQ, severe pain (child brings kness up to chest in pain), currant jelly stool ( blood and mucous in stool),
• cause of heartburn

  -the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus

  -This can occur due to a weak or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which allows stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest.
• fecal impaction

  -mass of impacted stool in colon and rectum (chronic or severe constipation)

  -this can lead to a mechanical bowel obstruction
• cause of acute pancreatitis

  -sudden inflammation and hemorrhaging of the pancreas due to destruction by its own digestive enzymes (autodigestion)

  -injury to acinar cells, impaired secretion of proenzymes

  -alcohol abuse and gall stones
• transmission of hepatitis a,b,c,e

  A- fecal oral (contaminated food and water)

  B- blood (childbirth, intravenous drug use, sex)

  C- blood (intravenous drug use, sex)

  E- fecal oral (undercooked seafood and contaminated water)
• Cause of cleft Lip and Palate

  -birth defect characterized by incomplete formation of the lip and palate

  -risk factors for these are smoking, gestational diabetes, certain medications, lack of folate during pregnancy
• Clinical Manifestations of Appendicitis

  -abdominal pain in RLQ (mcburney's point) with rebound tenderness

  -nausea

  -vomiting

  -abdominal guarding
• Complications of GERD

  -aspiration

  -Barrett's Esophagus

  -esophagitis

  -esophageal adenocarcinoma
• Consequences of untreated gastroenteritis

  -severe dehydration

  -kidney failure

  -neurological problems

  -GI bleeds

  -electrolyte imbalances
• Clinical manifestations of bile duct obstruction

  -jaundice

  -dark urine

  -light-colored stools

  -abdominal pain

  -pruritus (itching).
• Define dysphagia

  -Difficulty swallowing and eating
• Clinical manifestations of gastritis

  -dyspepsia (heartburn or indigestion)

  -stomach pain

  -nausea/vomiting

  -bloating

  -lack of appetite

  -bleeding ulcers/anemia
• gastric vs duodenal ulcers

  -The pain associated with duodenal ulcers improves after meals, while the pain associated with gastric ulcers generally intensifies after meals.
• Clinical manifestations of portal hypertension

  -ascites- fluid build up in peritoneal cavity

  -splenomegaly

  -rectal, esophageal, gastric varices

  -hepatic encephalopathy (confusion, altered consciousness due to liver dysfunction)
• Common clinical manifestation of stress ulcers

  -hematemesis (vomiting blood)

  -melena (black, tarry stools)
• Know presentation of diverticulitis

  -fever

  -LLQ pain

  -change in bowel habits

  -nausea/ vomiting
• early signs of cancer (in ascending colon)

  -changes in bowel habits(persistent diarrhea or constipation)

  -blood in the stool

  -abdominal discomfort

  -cramps

  -unexplained weight loss.
• liver disease

  -jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

  -abdominal pain and swelling

  -easy bruising or bleeding

  -dark urine

  -changes in stool color (pale or bloody)
• Assessment findings in progressive dysphagia

  -coughing or choking while eating

  -regurgitation of food

  -weight loss

  -aspiration pneumonia

  -avoidance of certain foods or liquids
• Know clinical manifestations of gastric ulcer with peritonitis

  -abdominal pain

  -tenderness

  -guarding and rigidity

  -rebound tenderness

  -tachycardia, hypotension

  -decreased bowel sounds
• Causes of pyelonephritis

  -urinary tract infection that moves to the kidneys because it was left untreated

  -primary congenital defect

  -bladder outlet obstruction
• Purpose of dialysis in kidney disease

  -removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood

  -It helps maintain electrolyte balance and control blood pressure.
• Causes of renal obstruction

  -kidney stones

  -tumors

  -blood clots

  -congenital abnormalities,

  -urinary tract strictures or obstructions such as those caused by enlarged prostate in men.
• pre renal kidney injury causes

  -pre-renal kidney causes reduce blood flow to the kidneys, such as hypovolemia (low blood volume), dehydration, heart failure, or severe infections.
• post renal kidney injury causes

  -urinary tract obstructions that impair urine flow, such as kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate.
• CKD definition, causes, and clinical manifestations

  -subtle decrease in kidney function that develops over 3 months

  -causes- hypertension, diabetes, systemis diseases (lupus, RA), HIV, NSAIDS, toxins

  -S/S- loss of appetite, asterixis, pericarditis, bleeding, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, renal osteohytrophy from parathyroid hormone release
• Know cause and clinical manifestation of polycystic kidney disease

  -formation of fluid filled cysts in kidneys that compress and replace healthy tissue

  -S/S abdominal distention, flank/back pains, hypertension, hematuria
• Clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis

  -oliguria

  -hypervolemia

  -hypertension

  -dyspnea

  -crackles

  -edema

  -brown colored urine
• know Kidney flow order

  renal artery-nephron-renal vein-renal tubules-ureters
• Types of acute kidney injury due to contrast dye

  -pre-renal injury (due to decreased blood flow)

  -intrinsic renal injury (direct toxic effect on the kidneys)

  -post-renal injury (due to urinary tract obstruction).