Exam 1

• Nursing advocacy ensures the clients have the right to make their own decisions about their health. 
• What addresses nurses’ ethical obligation to advocate for their clients?

  The American Nurses Association’s (ANA) Code of Ethics
• What is included in the scope of practice of nursing advocacy of the American Nurses Association?

  1. Protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities
  2. Prevention of illness and injury
  3. Alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response
  4. Advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations
• Nursing Advocacy Six client rights

  1. Self-determination
  2. Confidentiality
  3. Access to healthcare
  4. Choice
  5. Information
  6. Redress
• Self-Determination

  • The right to informed consent
  • The right to take part in clinical decisions and treatment alternatives
• Confidentiality

  • Right to information privacy
  • Right to access one's won medical record
• Choice:

  • Right to benefit from medical treatment
  • Right to second opinion
• Access to health :

  • Right to benefit from medical treatment
  • Right to obtain timely, safe, and high quality of care
• Information:

  • Right to information about one's health, healthcare providers, & rights and entitlements
• Redress:

  • Right to dispute and oppose
  • Right to compensation
• Four Stages of the Advocacy Process


  1. Evaluate the client's needs

  2. Identify the client's goals, working with the client to create goals

  3. Develop a plan to meet the goals

  4. Evaluate the results of the advocacy steps
• Evaluate the client's needs

  A thorough assessment of what the client needs by assessing interest and values and their full understanding of their rights
• Identify the client's goals, working with the client to create goals

  Include the client in their plan of care and development of goals and what they want to achieve
• Develop a plan to meet the goals

  The implementation of the plan involves facilitating communication with the client and the health care team
• Evaluate the results of the advocacy steps

  Evaluate if the needs of the client, family, caregivers, and the health care team have been met
• Health Literacy


  The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions.
• ANA’s Top Federal Legislative Priorities

  • Health system transformation
  • Safe staffing
  • Nursing workforce development
  • Home health
  • Workplace violence
  • Opioid epidemic
  • COVID-19
• The Characteristics of a Healthy Community

  • Educational opportunities
  • Economic opportunity
  • Infrastructure that includes recreational activities and essential services (sanitation, transportation, utilities)
  • Safe environment
  • Opportunities for health care
  • Diversity in leadership and decision-making
• Public health nursing 


  Nursing care that is population-focused and strives to prevent disease, extend life, promote health, and increase efficiency through a coordinated community effort.
• Clara Barton


  Nurse who lobbied congress to establish the American red cross
• Lillian Wald 


  Nurse who founded Henry Street Settlement. Considered the founder of public health nursing. Responsible for expanding public health into the home, school, workplace, and social reform.
• Mary Breckinridge 


  Nurse who founded the Frontier Nursing Service and a graduate of school of midwifery.
• Jessie Sleet Scales 


  Frist black public health nurse. She served black communities with TB in New York City.
• Dorothea Dix 


  Teacher who advocated for reform in mental health care and the care of prisoners. Known as the "voice of the mad."
• Margaret Sanger


  Nurse who advocated for reproductive rights. Coined the term birth control.
• Core Public Health Function and Essential Public Health Services

  1. Assement
  2. Policy development
  3. Assurance
• Assessment 


  Gathering and analyzing data about a defined area and making that data available for the public to access. This can include epidemiological statistics and community health issues.
• Policy development 


  Collaborating with leaders and lawmakers to develop public health policies, based on sound research and reliable data, that are fair and equitable for the whole population.
• Assureance 


  Ensuring that all the services that were agreed upon by the population are accessible and available to all by motivating collaborative entities in the community, through direct services or regulations of services in the defined community.
• 10 essential services that the U.S. public health system

  • Assess and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets
  • Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population
  • Communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it
  • Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health
  • Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health
  • Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the public's health
  • Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy
  • Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce
  • Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement
  • Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
• Levels of prevention:

  • Primary Prevention: Focuses on those who do not have a disease or condition and keeping them healthy
  • Secondary Prevention: Focuses on early identification and diagnosis, often before symptoms are seen.
  • Tertiary Prevention: Focuses on minimizing long-term complications and returning to the most optimal level of health possiole.
• Primary Prevention: 


  Focuses on those who do not have a disease or

  condition and keeping them healthy
• Secondary Prevention:


  Focuses on early identification and diagnosis,

  often before symptoms are seen.
• Tertiary Prevention:

  Focuses on minimizing long-term complications

  and returning to the most optimal level of health possiole.
• Henry Street Settlement 


  Founded by Lillian Wald cared for the sick and provided classes on health, hygiene, & child care in Manhattan's Lower East Side. Then later expanded to include a gymnasium and a park for children to play.
• Stillman House


  Founded by Jessie Sleet Scales and is a branch of the Henry Street Settlement. This house provided care for black families and provided care similar to the Henry Street Settlement. It also offered a variety of services, including a bank, classes, and a civic club.
• WHO organization Sustainable Goals:

  • End poverty and hunger
  • Ensure good health and well-being
  • Achieve gender equality
  • Ensure clean water and sanitation
  • Ensure affordable and clean energy
  • Promote decent work and economic growth
  • Build industry innovation and infrastructure
  • Reduce inequalities
  • Make cities and communities sustainable
  • Ensure sustainable consumption and production
  • Take action on climate change
  • Preserve oceans
  • Protect ecosystems
  • Promote peaceful societies
  • Strengthen global partnerships
• UNICEF Organization


  Its founding mission was to help at-risk children after World War II regardless of what role their country had played in the war and continues to work for right of children. The organization provides emergency relief and works to provide clean water, sanitation, nutrition, education, and gender equality for children around the world and claims to provide more vaccinations worldwide than any other agency.
• HHS Organization


  Is a cabinet of the federal government. Formerly known as the Department of Health Education and Welfare, and it tasked with safeguarding the health of those living within its boundaries, both its citizens and refugees. It also gather the data to set a health policy.
• Administration for children and families (ACF)

  ACF promotes the economic and social well-being of families, children, individuals, and communities.