Microscope

• Microscope


  Instrument that produces enlarged images of small objects, allowing the observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis
• Microscopy


  Technical field of using microscopes to view samples & objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye)
• Glasses are invented


  1285
• Hans and Zacharias Janssen make a 9X magnifier


  1590s
• Galileo perfects the microscope


  1609
• Giovanni Faber coins the word "microscope"


  1625
• Robert Hooke discovered cells


  1665
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek perfects the microscope

  1670
• The modern microscope is born

  Late 1800s
• Richard Zsigmondy wins Nobel Prize for the Ultra Microscope


  1926
• Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invent the Electron Microscope


  1931
• Frits Zernike wins Nobel for Phase Contrast Method


  1953
• Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer win Nobel for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope


  1986
• The world's most powerful transmission electron microscope (TEM) is installed

  2008
• How useful are microscopes in appreciating the minute forms of life invisible to the naked eye?
• Parts of the Microscope

  1. Part 1

  2. Function 1

  3. Part 2

  4. Function 2

  5. Part 3

  6. Function 3

  7. Part 4

  8. Function 4

  9. Part 5

  10. Function 5
• Phase contrast microscopy


  Technique that allows scientists to view cells without staining them (which would kill them), in order to view internal cell structure
• Phase contrast microscopy is ideal for viewing living cells, including cultures, tissues, and microorganisms, and is still widely employed in scientific research today
• Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

  • Developed by physicists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
  • Used to image surfaces at the atomic level
  • Uses an ultrafine tip to reveal molecular and atomic details of an object
  • Does not use a light or electron beam
• The world's most powerful transmission electron microscope (TEM) installed at the National Center for Electron Microscopy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

  2008
• TEAM 0.5 TEM


  • Ultra-bright electron beam
  • Helps researchers capture three-dimensional images of individual atoms
• Common types of microscopes

  • Simple microscope (1 lens, 5x magnification)
  • Compound microscope (2 sets of lenses, 100-200x magnification)
• Compound Light Microscope (CLM)

  • Uses visible light to illuminate specimens
  • Has multiple lenses that can magnify up to 1,000x and resolves up to 0.4 nm
• Electron Microscope


  • Can magnify objects up to 300,000 times
  • Does not use lenses, but uses a beam of electrons and electromagnets for focusing, intensifying the resolution (clarity) and to enlarge the image
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)


  • Can magnify specimens from 10,000x to 100,000x and resolves up to 2.5 nm
  • Used to view layers and details of the specimens
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

  • Provides a three-dimensional view of the specimen
  • Can magnify specimens up to 1,00x to 10,000x and resolves up to 20 nm
• Parts of a microscope

  • Ocular (lens) eyepiece
  • Coarse adjustment
  • Fine adjustment
  • Arm
  • Body tube
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • High power objective lens (HPO)
  • Low power (scanner) objective lens (LPO)
  • Middle power objective lens – Oil immersion objectives (OIO)
  • Stage
  • Stage clips
  • Diaphragm
  • Light source
  • Base
• Always carry a microscope with one hand holding the arm and one hand under the base
• Field of view


  The area (circle) that you see when looking through the eyepiece
• Higher powers of magnification allow us to see better details, but we cannot see as much of the image
• Calculating magnification


  1. Find the power of the lens

  2. Multiply the power of the eyepiece by the power of the objective lens
• Objects appear upside-down and backward, and movement appears to be in the opposite direction than actual movement when viewed through a microscope
• Using a microscope


  1. Turn on the microscope and rotate the nosepiece to click the red-banded objective into place

  2. Place a slide on the stage and secure it using the stage clips

  3. Use the coarse adjustment knob to get the image into view and then use the fine adjustment knob to make it clearer

  4. Rotate the nosepiece to view the specimen under different powers

  5. When done, turn off the microscope and put up the slides
• Be careful with the largest objective! Sometimes there is not enough room and you will not be able to use it!
• Recording observations


  1. Draw the specimen large enough to fill the "field of view" circle

  2. Draw as many details as possible

  3. Drawing should be neat

  4. Label the specimen

  5. Label the power of magnification

  6. Write name and date on the paper
• Making a wet mount slide

  1. Use a dropper to place a drop of water on the center of a clean slide

  2. Use tweezers to lay the specimen on the drop of water

  3. Gently touch the cover slip to the edge of the drop of water to cover the specimen and the water
• You do not need to use the stage clips when viewing wet-mount slides!
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through respiration.
• Parts of the microscope

  
• Parts of the microscope