1Wireless Business

• Chapter Name


  • BASICS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
  • BACKHAUL MEDIA FOR MOBILE RADIO NETWORK
  • KPI REPORTS FOR 2G/3G/4G
  • 3G MOBILE NETWORK
  • HSPA, HSPA+
  • 3G RADIO NETWORK OPTIMISATION
  • 4G MOBILE CORE and ACCESS N/W PLANING
  • MOBILE TRAFFIC REPORT
  • CNMS PORTAL AND MOBILE NOC
  • MOBILE ANTENNA SYSTEM
  • Introduction to 5 G and VoNR
• Topics Covered


  • CELLULAR CONCEPT (CELL CONCEPT, SITE, SECTOR AND CLUSTER)
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF GSM (FREQUENCY BAND, GSM SPECIFICATION)
  • BACKHAUL MEDIA FOR MOBILE RADIO NETWORK (OFC/ OFC SYSTEMS/ MINI LINK) AND RRH
  • KPIs OF 2G/3G/4G & 5 G
  • UMTS (3G)
  • HSPA AND HSPA+
  • PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION OF 2G/3G/4G & 5G RADIO NETWORK
  • OVERVIEW OF 4G LTE
  • 4G RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
  • PCI PLANNING
  • LTE ARCHITECTURE AND LTE CALL FLOW
  • LTE AIR INTERFACE
  • IMS AND VOICE OVER LTE(VoLTE)
  • TRAFFIC REPORT ANALYSIS
  • CNMC PORTAL OVERVIEW, MOBILE NOC
  • MOBILE ANTENNA SYSTEM (ANTENNA BASICS, AZIMUTH, TILT, VSWR)
  • INTRODUCTION TO 5G
  • VOICE OVER NEW RADIO (VoNR)
• Cellular concept


  Mobile telephone network structured with many low-powered transmitters placed throughout a coverage area, instead of one powerful transmitter
• Cell


  • Basic geographic unit of cellular system, represented as hexagons
  • Power level of transmitter within a single cell must be limited to reduce interference with neighboring cells
  • Neighboring cells cannot share the same channels to reduce interference
• Cluster


  Group of cells in which no frequencies are reused
• Types of cells


  • Macro cells
  • Micro cells
  • Pico cells
  • Selective cells
  • Umbrella cells
• Cell sectoring


  Using directional antennas at base stations, with each antenna illuminating a sector of the cell, and with a separate channel set allocated to each sector
• Features of digital cellular system

  • Small cells
  • Frequency reuse
  • Small, battery-powered handset
  • Performance of handovers
• Fundamentals of GSM


  • Cellular mobile communications system using a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells
  • Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to subscriber density and demand
  • Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away
  • Cells can be added to accommodate growth
• Objectives of mobile communication

  • Any time Anywhere communication
  • Mobility & Roaming
  • High capacity & subscriber density
  • Efficient Use of Radio Spectrum
  • Seamless Network Architecture
  • Low Cost
  • Innovative Services
  • Standard Interface
• Different generations


  • 1G
  • 2G
  • 2.5G
  • 3G
  • 4G
• Duplexing


  Technique by which the send and receive paths are separated over the medium
• Types of duplexing

  • Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
  • Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
• Frequency bands and channel arrangement

  • Standard or Primary GSM 900 Band
  • DCS 1800 Band
• GSM network structure


  • GSM service area
  • PLMN service area
  • MSC service area
  • Location area
  • Cells
• GSM network subsystems


  • Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
  • Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
  • Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
• GSM network elements


  • Mobile Station (MS)
  • Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
  • Base Station Controller (BSC)
  • Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC)
  • Home Location Register (HLR)
  • Visitor Location Register (VLR)
  • Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
  • Authentication Centre (AUC)
• Mobile Station (MS)


  • Includes radio equipment and the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) that a subscriber needs to access GSM services
  • Identified by International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
  • Subscriber identified by Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) and International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
  • Subscriber can use any GSM-specified mobile equipment by inserting their SIM card
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)


  Part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) that is in contact with the mobile stations through the radio interface
• Base Station Controller (BSC)


  Part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS) that is in contact with the Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC)
• SIM


  Subscriber Identity Module - a modular form that can be mounted in the subscriber's equipment
• Using the SIM


  1. Subscriber mounts their SIM card

  2. Subscriber provides their Personal Identification Number (PIN)

  3. If 3 incorrect PINs are entered, the SIM is disabled
• Base Transceiver Station (BTS)


  Radio equipment of a BSS that is in contact with the MSs through the radio interface
• BTS


  • Compares radio transmission and reception devices, up to and including the antennas
  • Performs all the signal processing specific to the radio interface
  • A single transceiver within BTS supports eight basic radio channels of the same TDM frame
• Base Station Controller (BSC)


  Network component in the PLMN that handles common control functions within a BTS
• Functions of the BSC


  1. Assigns and releases frequencies and timeslots for all MSs in its own area

  2. Performs inter-cell handover for MSs moving between BTS in its control

  3. Reallocates frequencies to the BTSs in its area to meet locally heavy demands

  4. Controls the power transmission of both BSSs and MSs in its area

  5. Provides time and frequency synchronization reference signals broadcast by its BTS

  6. Measures the time delay of received MS signals relative to the BTS clock and can direct the BTS to notify the MS to advance the timing

  7. May perform traffic concentration to reduce the number of transmission lines from the BSC to its BTS
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)


  Manages the communications between the GSM users and other telecommunication network users
• Functions of the MSC

  1. Coordinates setting up calls to and from GSM users

  2. Handles different types of numbers and identities related to the same MS

  3. Performs paging, resource allocation, location registration, and encryption

  4. Supervises the connection transfer between different BSSs for MSs with active calls

  5. Performs billing on calls for all subscribers based in its areas

  6. Transfers encryption parameters from VLR to BSS to facilitate ciphering on the radio interface

  7. Serves as a SMS gateway to forward SMS messages
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)


  Database that supports the MSC in the storage and retrieval of the data of subscribers present in its area
• Home Location Register (HLR)


  Database that permanently stores data related to a given set of subscribers
• Functions of the HLR

  1. Provides data needed to route calls to all MS-SIMs home based in its MSC area

  2. Provides the current location data needed to support searching for and paging the MS-SIM for incoming calls

  3. Stores the identification of SMS gateways that have messages for the subscriber
• Authentication Center (AUC)


  Stores information necessary to protect communication through the air interface against intrusions
• Authentication procedure


  1. The key Ki is never transmitted to the mobile over the air path, only a random number is sent

  2. The mobile must provide the correct Signed Response (SRES) in answer to a random number (RAND) generated by AUC

  3. The cipher key Kc is transmitted on the SS7 link between the home HLR/AUC and the visited MSC
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

  Database that stores the IMEI numbers for all registered ME units
• Classes of ME in the EIR database

  • White List - genuine equipment
  • Black List - reported stolen
  • Grey List - mobiles with faults
• Interworking Function (IWF)


  Provides interfacing capability between the GSM system and various public and private data networks
• Echo Canceller (EC)


  Used on the PSTN side of the MSC for all voice circuits to reduce the effect of GSM delay when the mobile is connected to the PSTN circuit
• Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

  Provides alarm-handling functions, fault management functions, and performance management functions for the GSM network
• Maintenance


  Technical and administrative actions to maintain and correct the system operation, or to restore normal operations after a breakdown, in the shortest possible time
• Fault management functions of the OMC

  • Allow network devices to be manually or automatically removed from or restored to service
  • Check the status of network devices
  • Invoke tests and diagnostics on various devices