Ireland 4

• Context sentence (1)

  Following the First World War, there was an increasing level of tension between Ireland and Britain. When Irish Home Rule was finally granted to Ireland, it excluded the six mainly protestant counties of the province of ulster in the north of Ireland
• Context sentence (2)

  This established Northern Ireland in 1920 following the Government of Ireland Act, which continued to be part of the United Kingdom
• Anglo-Irish Treaty F (1)

  A military truce was agreed in July 1921, and in September of the same year, De Valera agreed to send a negotiating team, including Collins and Griffith to London. December 1921, Collins and Griffith signed treaty to end the Anglo-Irish war which gave Southern Ireland dominion Status under the British crown. Members of the Irish parliament were to swear an oath of allegiance to the British crown (highly contentious)
• Anglo-Irish Treaty A (1)

  This set the stage for the polarisation of Ireland. This was seen as a betrayal by Irish Republicans. The refusal of de Valera to accept this heightened tensions and contributed to political instability that preceded the civil war
• Anglo-Irish Treaty F (2)

  De Valera debated on the treaty in 1922 and stated that "I am against the treaty because it does not do the fundamental thing and bring us peace"
• Anglo-Irish Treaty A (2)

  Signing of the treaty led to a bitter split within the nationalist movement, with former allies divided. What they had been fighting for was undermined by the signing of the treaty, creating a volatile atmosphere that would ultimately erupt into conflict
• Anglo-Irish Treaty A+

  The signing of the treaty contributed to mistrust and resentment against former comrades
• Anglo-Irish Treaty E

  The treaty was fundamentally flawed/ Speech made by Cathal Brugha in 1922 stated that "I would, in my view, be committing national suicide" if he accepted the treaty. Passionate independence sentiments felt by opponents of Michael Collins would develop into the use of violence to preserve the fight for independence
• Divisions in the republican movement F (1)

  On the 7th of January 1922, the treaty was voted on in the Dail with 64 in favour, 57 against. On 10th of January, de Valera resigned and Arthur Griffith took his place. 14th January, the section of the Dail which approved the treaty set up a provisional government to establish the Irish Free state
• Divisions in the republican movement A (1)

  Deep-rooted irreconcilable differences in the republican movement became apparent - de Valera objected to the oath of allegiance, Griffith thought it wasn't a perfect solution, Collins felt it was a basis for Ireland to work towards greater freedom - conflicting viewpoint caused tensions and divisions
• Divisions in the republican movement A (2)

  Inability of Collins and De Valera to reach agreement highlights deep-seated divisions within the republican movement, and failure to reconcile competing and differing visions exacerbated existing tensions within the movement and contributed to the breakdown of negotiations
• Divisions in the republican movement A+

  The fact that Collins and De Valera were trying to make a pact shows that divisions within the republican movement weren't the main cause, but rater the stubbornness of collins and de Valera themselves, and their inability to recognise the agenda caused tensions
• Divisions in the republican movement F (2)


  In May, attempts between Collins and De Valera to make an electoral pact to contest the election and form a coalition failed
• Divisions in the republican movement E

  There wouldn't have been divisions if it weren't for existing divisions and differences which stemmed form the Anglo-Irish treaty, and de Valera's initial rejection of the first British offer for dominion status on the 10th of august 1921 which marked the beginning of the differences between the two key figures
• Role of Collins F (1)

  Collins reluctantly agreed to the terms of the Anglo-Irish treaty. He subsequently became leader of the provisional government and after the June 1922 elections, of the Irish free state
• Role of Collins A (2)

  He could have influence and power which made the existence of differences between him and the irregulars more worrying
• Role of Collins F (2)

  Collins was commander in chief of the national army and he built a national army overwhelm his opponents and a ruthless 'Dublin guard'
• Role of Collins A (2)

  They committed atrocities against anti treaty guerrillas, heightening tensions and validating the use of violence
• Role of Collins A+

  Collins tried to achieve lasting compromise with de Valera prior to elections of June 1922 - showed that he tried to use peace
• Role of Collins E

  Treaty still more significant - Under the terms of the treaty, the IRA was required to disarm, the provision was unpopular among IRA members and when collins and other treaty negotiators agreed to the terms, it caused a rupture within the IRA and intensified divisions.
• Role of De Valera F (1)

  De Valera became leader of the Irish Volunteers and Sinn Fein and was elected MP in 1918, and became president of the Dail in 1919. By march 1922, he was inciting violence in speeches
• Role of De Valera A (1)

  De valera incitement of violent prior to the signing of the treaty highlights the existence of deep-seated ideological divisions within the Irish nationalist movement, and de Valera's acceptance of the use of violence. His speeches reflected the intensity of the differenced between him and others, foreshadowing the violent conflict of the Irish Civil War which would later erupt
• Role of De Valera F (2)

  He formed the Republican Party and from July 1922, was leading the irregular forces. The assassination of Collins in August 1922 was likely to have been authorised by de Valera
• Role of De Valera A (2)

  This contributed to the subsequent descent of the conflict into a cycle of atrocities and reprisals
• Role of De Valera A+

  Too simplistic to blame on on individual. De Valera's actions would not have been significant if it weren't;t for other individuals on the other side of the ideological divide, including collins
• Role of De Valera E

  De Valera's seeming uncompromising attitude could be seen as responsible for driving Ireland into civil war - "The IRA will have to wade through the blood of the soldiers of the Irish government" in march 1922 - he predicts the inevitability of Irishmen fighting each other over the treaty. This prediction could be based off of his internal desire to use and impose violence
• Role of the British Government F (1)

  Violence erupted after the treaty to create the Irish free state was agreed with the south and 294 people were killed in Northern Ireland in 1922.
• Role of the British Government A (1)

  Use of violence from the outset show that there were clear obstacles to peace
• Role of the British Government F (2)

  The threat of violence from the irregular forced the Stormont Government to impose the special powers act in the period from may 1922 to December, imposing martial law int he north
• Role of the British Government A (2)

  This creates a situation where martial law became a permanent state of affairs in Northern Ireland in an effort to protect protestants and the union - unwillingness to negotiate
• Role of the British Government A+

  October 1919, committee led by Walter Long wanted to resolve conflict in a peaceful way (anglo-irish treaty) - the role of the British government is less significant, their primary objective was to address problems in Ireland peacefully
• Role of the British Government E

  Lloyd George adopted a tough stance during treaty negotiations and used the threat of renewed military conflict to pressure Irish delegation into accepting British terms - failure to reach agreement would result in hostilities. However, these threats were attributable to the anglo-irish treaty