socsci roxas, quirino, magsaysay

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Cards (96)

  • Manuel Roxas
    • Last President of the Commonwealth
    • First President of the Third Republic
  • Birthdate: January 09, 1902
  • Birthplace: Capiz
  • Parents

    • Gerardo Roxas
    • Rosario Acuña
  • Spouse

    Trinidad de Leon
  • Children

    • Gerardo
    • Ruby
  • Degree: Bachelor of Laws
  • School: University of the Philippines
    • Awards: Class valedictorian
    • Bar topnotcher
  • Prior Profession/Occupation/Previous Position

    • Practicing lawyer
    • Major (reserve) in the Philippine Army
    • Aide-de-camp to Gen. Douglas MacArthur
    • Secretary and law clerk to Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano
    • Member, Preparatory Commission on Philippine Independence
    • Chairman: National Economic Board, Bigasang Bayan (Laurel administration)
    • Municipal councilor of Capiz (now Roxas City)
    • Governor of Capiz province
    • Assemblyman, Speaker of the House of Representatives
    • Delegate to the 1934 Constitutional Convention
    • Secretary of Finance (Quezon administration)
    • Senator, Senate President
  • Running Mate

    Elpidio Quirino
  • Election adversaries

    • Sergio Osmeña
    • Hilario Moncado
  • Age at Inauguration: 54 years old
  • Term of Office: May 28, 1946 to April 15, 1948
  • Roxas formed a formidable team of experts that placed the Republic upon solid economic foundations
  • The Roxas administration inherited the massive task of reconstruction from Osmeña
  • Vice President

    Elpidio Quirino
  • Finance Secretary

    Miguel Cuaderno
  • Budget Commissioner

    Pio Pedrosa
  • The prime fiscal institutions necessary for an independent economic policy were established
  • Large-scale projects, like the Ambuklao Dam, were launched
  • Roxas pushed for the passage of the Tenancy Act, predecessor of the Agrarian Reform Law
  • Tenancy system

    An archaic and undesirable system in agriculture
  • Roxas' pro-farmer position caught the ire of the landowners who vigorously resisted changes in the rice-sharing scheme, but through Roxas' urging, Congress passed the necessary reform laws
  • Amnesty

    A general pardon for offenses, especially political offenses, against a government, often granted before any trial or conviction
  • Pres. Roxas, with the concurrence of Congress, issued a general amnesty for those suspected of collaboration
  • The issue of collaboration divided the nation
  • Roxas negotiated quietly with the Huks for the surrender of their firearms
  • A peasant rebellion held by the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng bayan (HMB) brewed in the plains of Central Luzon
  • When the threat of movement became serious, Roxas declared the HMB and the Pambansang Kaisahan ng Magbubukid as illegal organizations intent on the overthrow of the government
  • The military launched a series of extermination campaigns
  • As the Huk movement was rooted in rural poverty and oppressive agrarian conditions, no military action could suppress it. The Huk insurgency outlived Roxas and troubled the next three presidencies
  • Experts estimated that the Philippines needed over a billion dollars to reconstruct and rebuild from the damages and ruins of the war
  • Roxas, like Osmeña before him, turned to the United States for help
  • The US Congress provided a rehabilitation aid package and trade relations with its former colony
  • Bell Trade Relations Act

    • It provided free trade relations for the next 8 years after independence
    • It specified parity rights for American citizens and corporations to allow them the same rights as Filipinos in exploiting Philippine natural resources and in in operating public utilities even after independence
  • Philippine Rehabilitation Act

    • $620 million aid package complement to the Bell Trade Act
    • The release of the said fund was made dependent on an amendment in the 1935 Philippine Constitution to allow parity rights
  • With the country's urgent reconstruction requirements weighing heavily on his mind, Roxas decided to bite the bullet and marshalled the resources of the government to ensure the passage of the parity rights amendment
  • Pros and Cons of Parity Rights Amendment
    • Roxas argues that it would bring in American investment capital which would generate employment opportunities for the people
    • Roxas warned that worsening employment, loss of trade opportunities, and forfeiture of rehabilitation assistance would be the fate should it not pass
  • The parity rights amendment was approved in the plebiscite of March 11, 1947