geography

• natural hazard

  natural process which can cause death injury or disruption to humans
• natural disaster

  natural hazard that has actually happened
• what are geological hazards?

  caused by land and tectonic processes

  eg: volcanoes/earthquakes
• what are meteorological hazards?

  hazards caused by weather and climate

  eg: tropical storms and extreme weather
• what factors affect the hazard risk of natural hazards?

  • vulnerability
  • capacity to cope
  • resource
  • HIC or LIC
• what are primary effects?

  the immediate impacts caused by the hazards

  eg: injuries, deaths, supplies
• what are secondary effects?


  happen later on, as a results of the primary effects

  eg: no clean water, disease, weak economy
• what is the destructive plate margin?

  • two plates moving towards each other (oceanic and continental)
  • oceanic plate is subducted destroyed
  • causes volcanoes
  • but when two continental plates meet it creates mountains
• what is a constructive plate margin?

  • two plates move away from each other
  • magma rises from mantle creating a new crust
• what is a conservative plate margin?

  • two plates moving sideways or moving at the same direction at different speeds
• NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKE 2016

  • magnitude of 6.3
  • 14th November
  • PRIMARY EFFECTS - 2 people dead, 50 injured, homes destroyed, supplies cut off
  • SECONDARY EFFECTS - triggered landslides, tsunamis
• NEPAL EARTHQUAKE 2015

  • 7.8 magnitude
  • 25th april 2015
  • on destructive plate boundary
  • PRIMARY EFFECTS - 9000 people dead, 22,000 injured, 4 million left homeless
  • SECONDARY EFFECTS - triggered avalanches killing 18 people, lack of clean water
• tropical storms

  • develop when the seas temperature is 27 degrees or higher
• features and structures of a tropical storm:

  • the centre of the storm is called the eye, there is very low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain but high temperature
  • the eye is surrounded by the eyewall, there are very strong winds, storm clouds, rain and low temperatures
  • towards the edges of the storm the wind speed falls, the clouds scatter and the rain become less intense increasing the temperature
• TYPHOON HAIYAN (tropical storm in phillipines)

  • 8th november 2013
  • torrential rain, 314mph winds
  • PRIMARY EFFECTS - 8000 deaths, 1 million homes destroyed, 1.9 million homeless, supplies cut off
  • SECONDARY EFFECTS - triggered landslides, 5.6 million lost their jobs, disease outbreak
• ways to reduce the effects of tropical storms:

  • prediction/monitoring (using satellites and aircraft)
  • planning (new houses, evacuation routes, preparing emergency services)
  • protection (buildings being able to withstand storm, flood defences)
• weather hazards in the UK:

  • strong winds
  • heavy rainfall snow and ice
  • drought
  • thunderstorms
  • heat waves
• reducing the effects of tectonic hazards:

  • monitoring (warning systems)
  • prediction (forecasts)
  • protection (buildings that can withstand hazards, absorbs earthquakes energy)
  • planning (avoid high risk areas, educate people)
• somerset levels floods

  IMPACTS

  • economic - damage cost 10 million, farmland flooded, roads cut off
  • social - 600 houses flooded, people evacuated, power supplies cut off
  • environmental - contaminated water, debris, animals losing habitat

  CAUSES

  • highest amount of rainfall recorded
  • storms prevented fresh water leaving rivers
  • clogged sediment in rivers
• what are some natural factors that are possible causes of climate change?

  -volcanic activity

  -orbital changes

  -solar output
• what are some human factors that are possible causes of climate change?

  -burning fossil fuels

  -farming

  -cement production

  -deforestation
• what affects hazard risk?

  • population growth
  • climate change
  • deforestation
  • wealth (LIC or HIC)
• what are the earths 4 layers?

  • crust
  • mantle
  • inner core
  • outer core
• what are the two types of crust?

  -oceanic (thin but dense)

  -continental (thicker and less dense)
• volcanoes:

  • occur at constructive and destructive plate margins
  • at the constructive plates magma rises between plates
  • at destructive plates the oceanic plate subducts underneath the continental. the friction causes it to melt and the magma to rise up
• earthquakes:

  • occur at constructive, destructive and conservative.
  • at the constructive the plates pull apart
  • at the destructive pressure builds up and is then released
  • at the conservative plates slide past each other they catch building up pressure
• global atmospheric circulation

  • high pressure = dry (the cool air sinks causing high)
  • low pressure = wet (the air heats as it rises causing low)
  • winds curve because of the coriolis of the earth (turning of the earth)
• what are abiotic factors?

  non living things
• what are biotic factors?

  living organisms
• what is a consumer?

  creature that eat other plants and animals
• what is a decomposer?

  organism that breaks down dead tissue which is then recycled into the environment
• what is an ecosystem?

  a community of plants and animals that interact with each other and the physical environment
• what is a food chain?

  connections between organisms that reply on one another for their food source
• what is a food web?

  a hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food
• what is nutrient cycling?

  A set of processes where organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil and water before passing them on though the food chain
• what is a global ecosystem?

  large biomes adapting to their environment
• what is a producer?

  An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis
• rainforest layers:

  • shrub layer
  • under canopy
  • canopy
  • emergents
• what is biodiversity?

  the way of life or a particular habitat
• coastal processes

  Waves are formed by wind blowing over the sea. The size of wave is determined by the strength of the wind, the duration of the wind and the distance the wind blows over (fetch).

  Constructive waves are low with long wavelengths. The swash is stronger than the backwash. They build beaches

  Destructive waves are higher with shorter wavelengths. The backwash is stronger than the swash eroding the coast.

  Wave cut platforms Caves, arches and stacks