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• Opera


  A performance in which actors sing all or most of the words of a play with music performed by an orchestra
• Components of an opera

  • Libretto (book or story of the opera)
  • Score (document showing all the notes, words and ideas to help the performers tell the story)
  • Recitative (declamatory singing, used in the prose part and dialogue of opera)
  • Aria (an air or solo singing part sung by a principal character)
• Types of male voice

  • Tenor (highest male voice)
  • Baritone (middle male voice, lies between Bass and Tenor voices)
  • Bass (lowest male voice)
• Types of female voice

  • Soprano (highest female voice)
  • Colatura (highest soprano voice)
  • Lyric (bright and full sound)
  • Dramatic (darker full sound)
  • Mezzo Soprano (most common female voice and strong middle voice)
  • Contralto (lowest female voice)
• Musical terms


  • Acapella (one or more singers performing without instrumental accompaniment)
  • Cantabile (in a singing style)
  • Copo (head, the beginning)
  • Coda (closing section appended to a song)
  • Falsetto (a weaker and more airy voice (higher pitch ranges))
  • Rubato (Slight speeding up or slowing down of the tempo at the discretion of the soloist)
• La Traviata


  A Romantic tragedy opera by Giuseppe Verdi, set in Paris, France during 1850, telling the story of the tragic love between the courtesan Violetta and the romantic Alfredo Germont
• Madame Butterfly


  An opera by Giacomo Puccini, about Lieutenant B.F. Pinkerton who marries Cio-Cio San (Butterfly) in a Japanese wedding ceremony, but later abandons her for an American wife, leaving Butterfly heartbroken
• Franz Peter Schubert


  A classical/early Romantic composer who developed lieder (German songs) to have a powerful dramatic impact on listeners, considered the last of the classical composers and one of the first Romantic ones
• Giuseppe Verdi


  An Italian composer who wrote operas with political overtones for a middle-class audience, with expressive vocal melodies as the soul of his operas, known for serious love stories with unhappy endings
• Giacomo Puccini


  An Italian composer who belonged to a group of composers who stressed realism, drawing material from everyday life and rejecting heroic themes from mythology and history
• Theater began from myth, ritual, and ceremony, as early society perceived connections between actions performed by groups of people or leaders to a certain society
• Theater means "place of seeing" and it will only be true theater if the audience witnesses it
• To produce theater

  • Playwright (writes scripts)
  • Director (rehearses performers)
  • Designer and Technical Crew (creates props and scenes)
  • Actors/Actresses (perform)
• Greek theater


  Began around 700 B.C to honor the god Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility, with a religious festival called "The Cult of Dionysus", centered in Athens which was a center of significant cultural, political, and military power
• Three well known Greek playwrights

  • Sophocles
  • Euripides
  • Aeschylus
• Tragedy


  A compound from the Greek word Tragos or "goat" and ode which means "song", referring to the goats sacrificed to Dionysus
• Thespis


  The first actor, who introduced the use of masks, and was called the "father of tragedy"
• Comedy plays


  Derived from imitation
• Aristophanes


  Wrote most of the comedy plays, including the humorous tale Lysistrata about a strong woman who led a female coalition to end war in Greece
• Satyr plays


  A short, lighthearted tailpiece performed after each trilogy of tragedies, containing comic elements to lighten the overall mood or serious play with a happy ending, featuring choruses of satyrs (half-man/half-goat characters) who were often awful, ridiculous and usually drunk
• Ancient Greek theater terms

  • Theatron (viewing place on the slope of the hill)
  • Orchestra (large circular or rectangular area at the center part of the theater, where the dance, play, religious rites, and acting took place)
  • Skene (stage)
  • Parados (side entrance)
• Table tennis


  A sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a hard table divided by a net, using a small paddle
• Table tennis originated in England during the 19th century, initially played among the upper class as an after dinner parlor game
• Early history of table tennis

  • First developed by British Military officers in India or South Africa
  • Books used as net, champagne corks as ball, cigar box lid as racket
  • Whiff – whaft and ping pong were former names
  • Gossima – Hamley's of Regent Street
  • 1920 – renamed table tennis
  • James W. Gibb discovered the novelty celluloid ball in 1901
  • E. C Goode invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled rubber to the wooden blade
  • Early 1900s – it was banned in Russia
  • 1921 – table tennis association was founded in Britain
  • 1926 – International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) was founded
  • 1988 – became an Olympic sport
• Table tennis equipment and facilities

  • Ball (2.7 grams, 40 millimeters diameter)
  • Table (9 ft long, 5 ft wide, 2.5 ft high)
  • Paddle/Racket/Bat (laminated wooden racket, covered with rubber on two sides, 85% of the blade thickness should be natural wood, 6.5 inches long and 6 inches wide)
• Basic table tennis skills

  • Service (short backspin, backhand, side spin, high toss serve)
  • Grip (pen hold, shake hands)
  • Strokes (forehand, backhand)
• Table tennis rules


  • Service is decided by a toss coin
  • Hide the ball and the player guess which hand the ball is in
  • LET (net-in) if the ball hits the net, but goes over and bounces on the other side
  • Violations (allowing the ball to bounce twice, not hitting the ball after it has bounced, hitting the ball before it bounces, double hitting, hitting anything other than the bat, causing the ball not to bounce on the opponent's half, placing free hand on the playing surface, offering and failing to make a good serve, making an illegal serve, hitting the net with a bat or moving the table)