Psychology paper one

• Sensation occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli
• Perception is the organisation, interpretation and understanding of sensory information
• BARLETT AIM

  How memory is reconstructed when asked to recall an unfamiliar story
• BARTLETT METHOD

  
  

  Told Native American Story

  Recalled after 15 minutes, weeks, months, years

  Recorded recall
• BARTLETT RESULTS

  Participants had changed the story

  Left out unfamiliar information

  Changed words to own cultural expectations : Canoes to boats
• BARTLETT CONCLUSION

  We use our own knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory
• BARTLETT EVALUATION

  Study lacks control: Not told accuracy was important

  Results biased: Bartlett analysed results

  Lab Study: Demand characteristics
• Memories are inaccurate
• Memory reconstruction is influenced by social and cultural expectations
• Factors that affect the accuracy of memory

  Interference

  Context

  False memories
• Primacy effect: Words at the beginning are more remembered (Rehearsed and in LTM)
• Recency effect: Words at the end are remembered more (recently heard and in STM)
• Serial position effect: an items placement affects whether or not its remembered
• MURDOCK AIM


  To see if memory of words is affected by location in a list
• MURDOCK METHOD


  Used 103 participants

  4000 most common English words

  Listened to 20 word lists with 10-40 words on them

  Recalled after each list
• MURDOCK RESULTS


  Recall affected by position

  Higher recall for the first words

  Higher recall for the last words
• MURDOCK CONCLUSION


  Shows serial position effect

  Supports MSM Stores
• MURDOCK EVALUATION


  Controlled lab study: No EV's

  Artificial Task: No real world correlation

  Research support: Amnesiacs cant store LTM
• Sensory Register


  Fraction of a second

  Very large capacity

  Attention transfers information to STM
• STM


  30 seconds

  5-9 items

  Acoustic coding
• Rehearsal


  Rehearsal keeps information in STM

  Repeated Rehearsal transfers STM to LTM
• LTM


  Can last up to a lifetime

  Unlimited capacity

  Semantic coding
• MSM EVALUATION


  Reductionist: Model is too simple + ignores other forms of LTM

  Artificial stimuli: No real world correlation + lacks validity

  Supporting research: Baddeley study shows difference between LTM + STM
• GIBSONS THEORY OF PERCEPTION (NATURE)


  Perception doesn't draw on past experience
• SUFFICIENT INFORMATION FOR DIRECT PERCEPTION


  Sensation and Perception are the same

  The eyes detect everything we need without making inferences
• OPTIC FLOW PATTERNS


  When moving, things in the distance appear stationary and everything else rushes past

  Provides perceptual information on speed + distance
• MOTION PARALAX


  Monocular depth cue

  Objects closer move faster than objects far away

  Provides perceptual information on speed + distance
• THE INFLUENCE OF NATURE


  Perception is innate
• GIBSON EVALUATION

  Real-world meaning: Research on WW2 pilots

  Visual illusions: Struggles to explain

  Research support: Infant cliff study
• GREGORY'S CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY OF PERCEPTION (NURTURE)


  Sensation and Perception are not the same
• PERCEPTION AS A CONSTRUCT

  Brain uses incoming information and known information to form a guess
• INFERENCE


  Brain fills in the gap to create a conclusion on what is being seen
• VISUAL CUES


  Visual illusions occur because of incorrect conclusions from visual cues
• THE ROLE OF NURTURE


  Perception is learned from experience

  The more we interact the more sophisticated our perception becomes
• GREGORY EVALUATION

  2D Visual illusions: No real world correlation

  How does perception get going: babies have some perceptual abilities
• Factors affecting Perception

  Culture

  Emotion

  Motivation

  Expectation
• GILCHRIST AND NESBURG AIM (MOTIVATION)

  To find out if food deprivation affects the perception of food
• GILCHRIST AND NESBURG METHOD

  Hungry for 20 hours + not hungry participants

  Shown 4 slides

  Slides contained T-Bone steak, Spaghetti, Hamburger and Fried Chicken

  Shown 15 seconds each

  Had to re-adjust light to level of slide shown
• GILCHRIST AND NESBURG RESULTS


  Perceived food brighter the longer deprived of food
• GILCHRIST AND NESBURG CONCLUSION

  Sensitivity greater when food deprived

  Hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception of food