LESSON 4

• Cancer - a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
• Hippocrates ("Father of Medicine“) used the words carcinos and carcinoma =crab
• Celsus, a Roman physician:  carcinoma to cancer (Latin word for crab)
• Galen used "oncos"(swelling) to describe tumors.
• These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
• Many cancers form solid tumors.  Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
• Cancerous tumors - are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues
• Cancerous tumors - When removed, they sometimes grow back
• Benign tumors - do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues
• Benign tumors - can sometimes be quite large; when removed, they usually don’t grow back
• Change in bowel or bladder habits.

  A sore that does not heal

  Unusual bleeding or discharge.

  Thickening or lump in elsewhere

  Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.

  Obvious change in a wart or mole.

  Nagging cough or hoarseness.

  Unexplained anemia.

  Sudden weight loss.
• Carcinoma originates in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands. They could form solid tumors.
• Sarcoma starts in the tissues that support and connect the body. It can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
• Leukemia is cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
• Carcinoma = prostate cancer
• Sarcoma = gastrointestinal stromal tumors
• Carcinoma = breast cancer
• Carcinoma = lung cancer
• Carcinoma = colorectal cancer
• Sarcoma = osteosarcoma
• Leukemia = lymphotcytic leukemia
• Leukemia = myelogenous
• Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting network. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes (lymph glands), spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow.
• Lymphoma can affect all those areas as well as other organs throughout the body
• Myeloma is a type of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue at the centre of some bones that produces the body's blood cells.
• Myeloma often affects several areas of the body, such as the spine, skull, pelvis and ribs.
• Lymphoma = Hodgkin's disease
• Lymphoma = Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Myeloma = solitary plasmacytoma
• Myeloma = plasmacytoma
• Risks for cancer (Grab b/voice chat): Genetics, radiation, age, behavior, viruses/bacteria, chemicals
• Carcinogen is any substance or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis
• Many radioactive substances are considered carcinogens due to  radiation they emit
• Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke
• Carcinogenicity is likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances.
• In the late 1700s, an early connection between cancer and a chemical was discovered
• An English doctor noted that due to exposure to soot, which contains chemicals known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a significant number of chimney sweeps had cancer of the scrotum.
• Asbetos is a naturally occurring fibrous silicate mineral made out of heat resistant fibers
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Standard classification of carcinogens
• Group 1 Carcinogenic

  Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity