CC2 DRUGS OF ABUSE

• A drug that is repeatedly and deliberately used in a non medicinal reasons other than prescribed or socially sanctioned

  Drug of Abuse
• • Primitive portion of the brain that is responsible for pleasure seeking behavior
  • Where most drugs of abuse put their effects

  Limbic system
• Most of drugs of abuse act on the dopaminergic and

  norepinephrinergic neurotransmitter pathways
• These are stimulatory neurotransmitters

  Dopamine and norepinephrine
• CNS depressant neurotransmitter and causes calming effects

  Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
• Type of neurotransmitter that is a natural feel good hormone and used to combat depression

  Serotonin
• This neurotransmitter is involved in pain perception


  N-methyl-d-aspartat e (NMDA)
• aka Homogeneous Immunoassays

  Immunochemical techniques
• Fluorescent light and polarized light is used

  FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION IMMUNOASSAY
• If substrate cannot bind to the drug in EMIT, what would be the end product?

  No reaction
• In EMIT, the presence of an exogenous drug (from the specimen), causes an increased enzyme activity as evidence of product formation
• What is the result in FPIA if there is presence of drug?

  Loss or decrease in polarization of emitted light
• This technique is based on Separation and identification of substances based on their affinity for two kinds of phases

  Chromatographic technique
• two phases in chromatographic technique

  mobile and stationary
• A qualitative chromatographic technique, creates an overview of what substances are present in the specimen

  Thin Layer C.
• What is used in the polar stationary phase of TLC method?

  Silicate strip
• what is used in the nonpolar mobile phase of TLC method?

  methanol and chloroform
• This a quantitative chromatographic method that uses sharper separation and uses internal standards

  HIGH PRESSURE/PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)
• this method often uses internal standards to determine recovery

  HPLC
• Best applications of HPLC in drug testing is in the testing of these tricyclic antidepressants
• Gold standard for drug detection

  Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry
• GC-MS is Used as confirmatory method for Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)
• What is the screening test for Drug of Abuse testing?

  Immunochemical techniques
• confirmatory test for DOA

  chromatographic techniques
• What is the most common and preferred specimen used in testing of DOA

  Urine
• Drugs and their metabolites are in higher concentration in this specimen than in blood

  Urine
• true or false [collection of urine]

  Use urinal with water

  false
• True or False [urine collection]

  Blue dye can prevent dilution of urine with water

  True
• How many mL of urine should be collected?

  30-60 mL
• what should be the specific gravity for urine specimen?

  >1.003
• • Mind-altering substance
  • From the coca plant, Erythroxylon coca
  • Used to be in coca-cola drink

  Cocaine
• This form of cocaine is powder

  Hydrochloride salt
• Crack form of cocaine

  free base form
• Has more potential toxicity than cocaine or ethanol alone

  cocaethylene
• Chemical name of cocaine

  Methylbenzoylecgonine
• What is the metabolite of cocaine?

  Benzoylecgonine
• Which of the following is not an effect of cocaine?

  1. Neurotoxic
  2. Dopaminergic
  3. CNS depressant

  3. CNS depressant
• Overdosage of cocaine results to

  Violent behavior
• Half life of cocaine

  1-2 hours
• Up to how many days or hours can cocaine be detected?

  48 hours or 2 days