immunisation and vaccination

• Antibiotics?

  used to eliminate infection produced by invading bacterial cells
• types of antibiotics?

  bactericidal

  bacteriostatic
• how can antibiotics be categorised?

  broad , narrow spectrum
• overuse of antibiotics leads to ?

  increase in antibiotic-resistance strains of bacteria

  • harder to treat
• bactericidal antibiotics?

  change cell wall or plasma membrane structure

  • Prevent enzyme action
• bacteriostatic antibiotics?

  stop reproduction

  • disrupt protein synthesis
• antiviral used to fight agains?

  viral infections
• how do antivirals work?

  prevent virus from developing further in body, rather than completely destroying it.

  • why? Virus occupies host cells to replicate in body, hence any substance that destroys viral particles will likely destroy body cells too
• what is a vaccine?

  prepared biological material deliberately introduced into body to produce immune response

  • contains AG of specific pathogen- > Immune system form AB to destroy pathogen, forms Memory cells-> remember response and responds same if pathogen re-enters.
• subunit?

  parts of pathogen -> induce immune response

  • safer than attenuated: can't reproduce, few side effects (less material)
  • inability to cause disease while retaining AG properties
  • made with adjuvants; increase effectiveness
• recombinant vac?

  non-pathogen microbes genetically engineered -> make desired AG fragmentes
• toxoids?

  bacterial inactivated toxins

  • increase AB production
  • eg. tetanus
• accelluar vac?

  fragments of whole agent vac containing desired AG

  • can't cause infection
• attenuated?

  very effective

  life long immunity

  AG modified to reduce virulence

  • can mutate back to virulent form
  • eg. MMR
• inactivated?

  less effective

  • chemicals
  • no infection risk
  • eg influenza
• what is a vaccine?

  substance containing non self AG

  • used to produce AB
  • immunity against one or more disease
• define antibiotic drug?

  chemical kill / inhibit bacteria growth
• define antiviral drug?

  suppress virus's ability to replicate and hence inhibits capability to multiply and reproduce
• when do u adminster vaccines?

  before person ill
• when do you administer Abio or AViral?


  when person ill
• which one (vac, Abio,Aviral) is long term?

  vac
• function of vac?

  train immune system to recognise and combat pathogens

  • put body through primary response
  • produce Memory cells
• function of antibiotic drug?

  kill by:

  • destroy cell wall
  • prevent protein synthesis
• antiviral function?

  uses proteins to stop virus replicating

  • stop attachment to host cell, replication of viral components using host cells machinery