CONTEMPORARY

• Is the learned behavior and beliefs of a society.

  Culture
• Is defined as the increasing flow across borders of labor, capital, goods, and services, and the formation of international production networks as represented in multinational enterprises.

  Globalization
• is the process through which the values, ideas, and experiences of a specific culture are transmitted and disseminated across the world.

  Cultural Globalization
• Culture


  The learned behavior and beliefs of a society. It can be material or nonmaterial, universal or diverse, and shapes human interactions.
• Material culture


  Tangible or those that you can touch
• Nonmaterial culture


  The ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society
• Globalization


  The increasing flow across borders of labor, capital, goods, and services, and the formation of international production networks as represented in multinational enterprises
• Cultural globalization


  The process through which the values, ideas, and experiences of a specific culture are transmitted and disseminated across the world
• Cultural globalization can lead to the creation of a dominant global culture
• Cultural globalization can have detrimental consequences on indigenous cultures, often weakening local cultures in the process
• Globalization of cultures can have an impact on prejudices and preconceived notions about people from a specific culture
• Forces driving cultural globalization

  • Technological advancements
  • Economic factors
  • Education
• Technological advancements


  • Communication technologies (personal computers, the Internet, mobile phones)
  • Transportation (expansion of international trade, rise in productivity of the maritime sector, integration of multimodal transport)
• Communication technologies


  Have created an impact on globalization specifically on economy-wide efficiency in production and trading, and have established virtual spaces where individuals worldwide can connect and exchange ideas, information, and cultural products
• Transportation


  Has facilitated the movement of goods and widened people's exposure to a wider variety of products, clothing, and even food items, introducing them to different cultural elements
• Economic factors


  • Multinational corporations (develop and promote products and services tailored to global audiences)
  • International trade (fosters cultural exchange and understanding)
• Multinational corporations


  Play a significant role in spearheading economic globalization, consequently influencing the proliferation of other forms of globalization, including sociocultural and political dimensions
• International trade


  Fosters cultural exchange and understanding, leading to the dissemination of knowledge, values, and traditions, and promoting an appreciation for different cultures
• Education


  Plays a multifaceted role in cultural globalization, serving as both a driver and a mediator, introducing students to different cultures and cultivating critical thinking skills
• Manifestations of cultural globalization

  • Homogenization vs. Heterogenization
  • Popular culture (music, movies, television, food)
  • Language (the rise of English and multilingualism)
• Homogenization


  The process wherein diverse cultures transform, gradually aligning with one another as globalization advances, leading to the standardization or uniformity of cultural products and practices across various societies
• Heterogenization


  The process by which cultural, social, and economic diversity is maintained or increased amidst global integration, through the preservation of local traditions, the adaptation of global influences to local contexts, or the emergence of hybrid cultural forms
• Hybridization


  The blending of different cultural influences, as seen in the emergence of fusion cuisine and eclectic fashion styles
• Glocalization


  The adaptation of global products or services to suit local tastes and preferences
• Popular culture


  • K-pop music, Korean dramas, international cuisine (sushi bars, Thai restaurants, Chinatowns)
• The rise of English

  English has become the de facto language of globalization, important in a variety of fields including business, education, and entertainment, promoting cross-cultural trade and worldwide economic integration
• Multilingualism


  The value of bilingualism and multilingualism is rising as globalization grows, allowing people to engage in cross-cultural interactions, establish international alliances, and successfully navigate global markets
• Globalization puts the world's culinary landscape on your plate, illustrating how cultures are interconnected (Cato Institute, 2023)
• Lingua franca


  A common language used for communication between people who do not share a native language
• Rise of English and multilingualism

  • English has become the de facto language of globalization, important in business, education, and entertainment
  • Widespread use of English makes intercultural communication easier and promotes cross-cultural trade and economic integration
  • Value of bilingualism and multilingualism is rising as globalization grows
  • People study English in addition to native tongues to engage in cross-cultural interactions, establish international alliances, and navigate global markets
  • Multilingualism and bilingualism are valued for sociocultural, professional, and personal development
• Factors influencing negotiation of identity in a globalized world


  • Increased global integration through advancements in transportation and economic ties
  • Expansion of cultural ties through media, travel, and migration, creating a more interconnected world
• Importance of negotiation in a globalized world

  • Maintaining cultural identity is crucial to protect cultural richness
  • Balancing embracing global trends and preserving local traditions to find a unique identity
  • Navigating complexities and challenges of cultural exchange and cultural loss
  • Finding ways to strengthen and celebrate individual national cultures
• Role of technology and social media in cultural globalization


  • Social media transcends geographical boundaries, enabling instant connectivity and fostering a global community
  • Social media acts as a virtual melting pot where cultures, languages, and traditions converge, promoting cultural exchange and understanding
  • Rapid dissemination of information through social media has challenged traditional media and allowed marginalized voices to be heard on a global stage
  • Social media has enabled businesses to reach international audiences and empowered individuals and communities to drive positive change on a global scale
  • Social media offers translation tools and algorithms that make it easier for users to communicate across languages, fostering cross-cultural dialogues and enabling collaboration on a global scale
  • Challenges of social media include the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news, cultural appropriation, and potential for surveillance and privacy breaches
• The future of globalization is undeniably intertwined with the evolution of social media, and the possibilities for a more connected world are both exciting and limitless
• A person who is not native to a country or region but lives there. Immigrant
• An immigrant who has been living permanently in a foreign country for some time. Expatriate
• Energy Diplomacy


  Foreign relations that aim to ensure the country's energy security while promoting business opportunities related to the energy sector
• Energy Security


  Meeting the rising demand for energy in a secure, affordable, and sustainable manner
• In 2010, ASEAN continued as an energy surplus region with substantial and diversified energy sources from fossil fuels, hydropower, geothermal, biofuels, biomass, and solar
• Several ASEAN countries have geographical potential for oil or gas reserves making the ASEAN region a particularly delicate strategic position as the core of Asia's energy security challenge